Category: American Leagues

Spring Football League 2000

Spring Football League Logo [Reference: 3]

Final Standings

PWLTPFPAPct
*Houston Marshals220056231.000
*San Antonio Matadors220042161.000
Los Angeles Dragons20202137.000
Miami Tropics20201861.000
Spring Football League Standings 2000 [Reference: 2]

Results

DateHome TeamAway Team
Week 1
29.04.2000Houston Marshals16Los Angeles Dragons13
29.04.2000San Antonio Matadors21Miami Tropics8
Week 2
06.05.2000Los Angeles Dragons8San Antonio Matadors21
06.05.2000Houston Marshals40Miami Tropics10
Spring Football League Results 2000 [Reference: 2]

About

The Spring Football League of 2000 was founded by Ex-NFL players Eric Dickerson (Los Angeles Rams), Bo Jackson (Los Angeles Raiders) Tony Dorsett (Dallas Cowboys) among others. It set a 4-team 4-game schedule for its first season in 2000, to test the waters for a full League and Schedule for 2001.

The first season, dubbed “Festival 2000” only lasted 2 of the 4 game weeks, and the planned Championship Game was scrapped, with the Houston Marshals and San Antonio Matdors, both unbeaten on 2-0 records, declared Co-Champions. The demise of the League was due to the founding of the XFL by the WWF – World Wide Wrestling (now WWE) owners, and the low attendances, more like Junior High School Games than a AAA Pro League.

References

[1] Remember the SFL (2019) History [Internet] Available from: https://sites.google.com/site/rememberthesfl/history [Accessed 31 December 2019]

[2] Remember the SFL (2019) Standings [Internet] Available from: https://sites.google.com/site/rememberthesfl/standings [Accessed 31 December 2019]

Images

[3] Remember the SFL (2019) League Logo [Internet] Available from: https://sites.google.com/site/rememberthesfl/_/rsrc/1472874842074/logos/logo.gif [Accessed 31 December 2019]

Acknowledgements

Thanks to Fiona Corrigan

About this document

Researched, compiled and written by Enda Mulcahy for the

Eirball | Irish North American and World Sports Archive

Last Updated: 31 December 2019

(c) Copyright Enda Mulcahy and Eirball 2019

You may quote this document in part provided that proper acknowledgement is given to the authors. All Rights Reserved.

Professional Spring Football League 1993

Professional Spring Football League Logo [Ref: 3]

Teams

TeamHome Venue
Eastern Conference
Carolina CougarsWilliams-Brice, Columbia, South Carlolina (72,000)
Miami TribeOrange Bowl (75,500)
New England BlitzHoly Cross Stadium, Worcester, Massachusetts (25,000)
Tampa Bay OutlawsTampa Stadium (72,126)
Washington MaraudersRFK Stadium, Washington DC (55,683)
Western Conference
Arkansas MinersWar Memorial Stadium, Little Rock (53,250)
Nevada AcesSilver Bowl, Las Vegas (32,500)
New Mexico RattlesnakesLobo Field, Albuquerque (30,646)
Oregon Lightning BoltsCivic Stadium, Portland (31,000)
Utah PioneersRice Stadium, Salt Lake City (35,000)
Professional Spring Football League 1993 Teams & Venues [Reference: 2]

About

The Professional Spring Football League was founded in November 1992, and set about replacing the World League of American Football (1991-1992) – the defunct National Football League Development League. It set a $2 Million salary cap for each team, with players to be paid $40,000 a season. Teams would have needed to have averaged 20,000 fans per game to break even.

It had no Media Coveragem Television deals or Radio Coverage in line for its first season, and originally planned a 10-team 16-game schedule, only for one of the teams, Miami Tribe to pull out before the season started. Rosters were cut to 60 players, to be set at 43 active players by the Season Start, and franchise fees were set at $250,000. February 29, 1993 was to be the Leagues Opening Game, but the League folded 10 days before the start of the season.

The American Football League of Europe replaced the PSFL & WLAF as the AAA League other than the Arena Football League in 1994, and would last 2 seasons, before the NFL brought back the WLAF as a 6-team Europe-only League in 1995 (From 1991 to 1992 it had been a 10 team League like the proposed PSFL – with 3 Teams in Europe, 1 in Canada and 6 in USA).

References

[1] Remember the PSFL (2019) History [Internet] Available from: https://sites.google.com/site/rememberthepsfl/history [Accessed 31 December 2019]

[2] Remember the PSFL (2019) Teams [Internet] Available from: https://sites.google.com/site/rememberthepsfl/teams [Accessed 31 December 2019]

Images

[3] Wikipedia (2020) Professional Spring Football League Logo [Internet] Available from: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/0a/Psflclr.jpg [Accessed 11 April 2020]

Acknowledgements

Thanks to Rose McCabe, Ann Hanley, Gabriel McCloyne, Peter Lemass, Ciaran Simms, Gerry Tully.

About this document

Researched, compiled and written by Enda Mulcahy for the

Eirball | Irish North American and World Sports Archive

Last Updated: 31 December 2019

(c) Copyright Enda Mulcahy and Eirball 2019

You may quote this document in part provided that proper acknowledgement is given to the authors. All Rights Reserved.

United States Football League Postseason Exhibition Game in London 1984

United States Football League Logo [Reference: 4]

Result

DateHome TeamAway Team
21.07.1984Tampa Bay Bandits21Philadelphia Stars24
USFL Postseason Exhibition Game in London 1984 [Reference: 1]

Report

The United States Football League played a Postseason Exhibition game in London, England, on 21 July 1984, only a week after the Philadelphia Stars were crowned Champions. The Stars and the Bandits played an entertaining game for 21,000 English fans, with many of the starters rested after a long season, with fans only getting a glimpse of the Philadelphia outstanding Running Back, Kevin Bryant.

This offered lesser known players an opportunity to stake a claim on the following seasons starting lineup, and Tom Riordan, was one such player, completing 18 of 26 passes for 201 yards, 3 touchdowns, and only one interception.

Stars’ safety Scott Warner intercepted Jimmy Jordan’s pass in the endzone with 12 seconds remaining, to preserve the Stars 24-21 victory. It was a fitting climax to an entertaining game. [2]

About the USFL

The USFL was the “Outlaw League” setting up as a Major League Rival to the NFL, although playing a Spring-Summer Schedule rather than Fall-Winter. The infamous US President Donald Trump owned the New Jersey Generals in the USFL. It was spectacularly popular in terms of bums-on-seats but was kept off the airwaves by the collusion of the NFL with the 3 Major TV Networks, as was proven in the subsequent Anti-Trust Trial. The League failed financially as a result:

See the USFL websites in the References Links for more info.

References

Websites

[1] USFL Site (2019) 1984 USFL Season [Internet] Available from: http://www.usflsite.com/1984season.php [Accessed 31 December 2019]

[2] USFL Site (2019) Tampa Bay Bandits 21 at Philadelphia Stars 21 Game Report [Internet] Available from: http://www.usflsite.com/usflgame.php?game_id=304 [Accessed 31 December 2019]

[3] Remember the USFL (2019) Home [Internet] Available from: https://sites.google.com/site/remembertheusfl/ [Accessed 31 December 2019]

Images

[4] Sports Logos History (2018) USFL Logo 1983-1985 [Internet] Available from: https://sportslogohistory.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/united_states_football_league.png [Accessed 31 December 2019]

Acknowledgements

Thanks to Jillian Glynn, Fiona Corrigan, Niamh Hughes, Jim Naughton, John Malone, Kevin Smyth, Ian Collins, Ian Clarke, Tony Meenaghan, Brian Bird.

About this document

Researched, compiled and written by Enda Mulcahy for the

Eirball | Irish North American and World Sports Archive

Last Updated: 30 December 2019

(c) Copyright Enda Mulcahy and Eirball 2019

You may quote this document in part provided that proper acknowledgement is given to the authors. All Rights Reserved.

Northwest Football League 1982-1989

Northwest Football League 1982

PWLTPFPAPct
*Oregon City Steelheads8800221351.000
*Beaverton Grizzlies862017988.750
*Burlington Raiders8530132126.625
*West Seattle Warhawks8350132147.375
Burien Vikings8350114147.375
Seattle Cavaliers826074182.250
Bremerton Chiefs817086171.125
Northwest Football League Standings 1982 [Reference: 1]

Reference: [1]

DateHome TeamAway Team
Playoffs
31.10.1982Oregon City Steelheads44West Seattle Warhawks15
31.10.1982Beaverton Grizzlies22Burlington Raiders6
NWFL Championship
13.11.1982Oregon City Steelheads14Beaverton Grizzlies27
Northwest Football League Playoffs 1982 [Reference: 1]

Reference: [1]

Northwest Football League 1983

PWLTPFPAPct
*Portland Steelheads7700152711.000
*Spokane Fury642011079.667
*Burlington Raiders743014494.571
*West Seattle Warhawks743011794.571
Astoria Vikings7430116171.571
Seattle Cavaliers71605888.143
Beaverton Grizzlies707079172.000
Northwest Football League Standings 1983 [Reference: 1]

Reference: [1]

DateHome TeamAway Team
Playoffs
29.10.1983Spokane Fury26Burlington Raiders15
30.10.1983Portland Steelheads41West Seattle Warhawks13
NWFL Championship
06.11.1983Portland Steelheads24Spokane Fury3
Northwest Football League Playoffs 1983 [Reference: 1]

Reference: [1]

Northwest Football League 1984

PWLTPFPAPct
*Auburn Panthers88001831101.000
*Spokane Fury8530183100.625
*Eastside Express8530217149.625
*Skagit Valley Raiders8530178129.625
Sno-King Blue Knights8530153139.625
West Seattle Warhawks844063106.500
Vancouver Grizzlies8350170172.375
Peninsula Pioneers817068179.125
Seattle Cavaliers808044150.000
Northwest Football League Standings 1984 [Reference: 1]

Reference: [1]

DateHome TeamAway Team
Playoffs
27.10.1984Auburn Panthers12Skagit Valley Raiders6
27.10.1984Spokane Fury32Bellevue Express16
NWFL Championship
03.11.1984Auburn Panthers20Spokane Fury12
Norhwest Football League Playoffs 1984 [Reference: 1]

[1] Note: Eastside Express & Bellevue Express are the same team.

Northwest Football League 1985

PWLTPFPAPct
Northern Division
*Spokane Fury10730263119.700
Sno-King Blue Knights10730274134.700
Skagit Valley Raiders10370145217.300
Seattle Cavaliers10010021330.000
Southern Division
*Auburn Panthers101000274541.000
*Salem Stars10730212222.700
West Seattle Warhawks10460143141.400
Eastside Express10280106228.200
Northwest Football League Standings 1985 [Reference: 1]
DateHome TeamAway Team
Playoffs
19.10.1985Auburn Panthers36Everett Blue Knights 3
20.10.1985Spokane Fury7Salem Stars33
NWFL Championship
26.10.1985Auburn Panthers19Salem Stars3
Northwest Football League Playoffs 1985 [Reference: 1]

Reference: [1] Note: Everett Blue Knights known as Sno-King Blue Knights for sponsorship reasons.

Northwest Football League 1986

PWLTPFPAPct
*Auburn Panthers121200503431.000
*Eastside Express12840283161.667
*Skagit Valley Raiders12840400195.667
*West Seattle Warhawks12840209141.667
Salem Stars12390117269.250
Seattle Cavaliers12210083405.167
Sno-King Blue Knights12111073454.083
Northwest Football League Standings 1986 [Reference: 1]

Reference: [1]

DateHome TeamAway Team
Playoffs
25.10.1986Auburn Panthers28Eastside Express0
26.10.1986Skagit Valley Raiders20West Seattle Warhawks0
NWFL Championship
01.11.1986Auburn Panthers52Skagit Valley Raiders7
Northwest Football League Playoffs 1986 [Reference: 1]

NWFL 1987

PWLTPFPAPct
*Auburn Panthers15141015199
Southside Warhawks11830
Skagit Valley Raiders10460152196.400
Eastside Express5140.200
Seattle Cavaliers1019023279.100
Snohomish County Blue Knights
Northwest Football League 1987 [Reference: 2]
DateHome TeamAway Team
Semi-Finals
1987Auburn Panthers34Eastside Express10
1987Southside Warhawks ??0Skagit Valley Raiders2
NWFL Championship
31.10.1987Auburn Panthers7Skagit Valley Raiders6
Northwest Football League Playoffs 1987 [Reference: 1]

NWFL 1988

PWLTPFPAPct
Eastside Express1212001.000
Southside Warhawks
West Seattle Steelers
Snohomish County Blue Knights
Salem Pioneers
Pierce County Bengals
Northwest Football League Standings 1988 [Reference: 3]

NWFL 1989

PWLTPFPAPct
*Portland Thunderbolts8800236671.000
*Pierce County Bengals862027080.750
Vancouver Warhawks8440102125.500
Snohomish County Blue Knights8260109183.250
Shelton-Burien Raiders80800252.000
Northwest Football League Standings 1989 [Reference: 1]
DateHome TeamAway Team
NWFL Championship
14.10.1989Portland Thunderbolts23Pierce County Bengals20
Northwest Football League Playoffs 1989 [Reference: 1]
DateHome TeamAway Team
AFA Playoffs
28.11.1989DuPage Eagles33Portland Thunderbolts14
AFA Playoffs 1989 [Reference: 1]

About

The Northwest Football League was a Semi-Pro Football League operating in Washington State and Oregon State (USA) & British Columbia (Canada) from 1971 until 2010 when it was replaced by the Greater Northwest Football Association. It includes the histories of a number of successive leagues, such as the Northwest International Football League 1971-1973, the Northwest Football League of 1974-1979, the Northwest International Alliance 1980-1981, the Pacific Northwest Football League 1980, and the Northwest Football League 1982-2010.

References

Internet Archive

[1] Northwest Football League (1999) NWFL Archives | League Standings 1979-1986 [Internet] Available from: https://web.archive.org/web/19991111224704/http://www.serv.net/~nwfl/page37.html [Accessed 29 November 2019]

Websites

[2] Greater Northwest Football Alliance (2019) Greater Northwest Football Schedule 1987 Standings [Internet] Available from: http://www.gnfafootball.org/1987results.htm [Accessed 8 October 2018]

[3] Greater Northwest Football Alliance (2019) Greater Northwest Football Schedule 1988 Standings [Internet] Available from: http://www.gnfafootball.org/1988results.htm [Accessed 8 October 2018]

Acknowledgements

Thanks to Todd Zboyan & Brianna Wallace

About this document

Researched, compiled and written by Enda Mulcahy for the

Eirball | Irish North American and World Sports Archive

Last Updated: 24 December 2019

(c) Copyright Enda Mulcahy and Eirball 2019

You may quote this document in part provided that proper acknowledgement is given to the authors. All Rights Reserved.

Northwest International Alliance 1980-1981

Northwest International Alliance 1980

PWLTPFPAPct
*Burlington Raiders65105724.833
*Bremerton Chiefs64203560.667
West Seattle62409260.333
Vancouver Panthers6060040.000

Reference: [1]

DateHome TeamAway Team
NWIA Championship
01.11.1980Bremerton Chiefs7Burlington Raiders6 ot

Reference: [1]

Northwest International Alliance 1981

PWLTPFPAPct
*Seattle Cavaliers8620.750
*West Seattle Warhawks8530158131.625
*Skagit Valley Raiders8530154106.625
*Bremerton Chiefs8440130107.500
Vancouver Blue Bombers8080.000

Reference: [1]

DateHome TeamAway Team
Playoffs
07.11.1981Seattle Cavaliers11Bremerton Chiefs10
07.11.1981West Seattle Warhawks3Skagit Valley Raiders10
NWIA Championship
14.11.1981Seattle Cavaliers14Skagit Valley Raiders2

Reference: [1]

About

The Northwest Football League was a Semi-Pro Football League operating in Washington State and Oregon State (USA) & British Columbia (Canada) from 1971 until 2010 when it was replaced by the Greater Northwest Football Association. It includes the histories of a number of successive leagues, such as the Northwest International Football League 1971-1973, the Northwest Football League of 1974-1979, the Northwest International Alliance 1980-1981, the Pacific Northwest Football League 1980, and the Northwest Football League 1981-2010.

References

Internet Archive

[1] Northwest Football League (1999) NWFL Archives | League Standings 1979-1986 [Internet] Available from: https://web.archive.org/web/19991111224704/http://www.serv.net/~nwfl/page37.html [Accessed 29 November 2019]

Acknowledgements

Thanks to Todd Zboyan & Brianna Wallace

About this document

Researched, compiled and written by Enda Mulcahy for the

Eirball | Irish North American and World Sports Archive

Last Updated: 24 December 2019

(c) Copyright Enda Mulcahy and Eirball 2019

You may quote this document in part provided that proper acknowledgement is given to the authors. All Rights Reserved.

Pacific Northwest Football League 1980

Pacific Northwest Football League 1980

PWLTPFPAPct
*Pierce County Bengals770022371.000
Spokane Golden Hawks73407887.429
Portland Thunderbirds725071190.286
Burien Flyers725063142.286

Reference: [1]

DateHome TeamAway Team
West Coast Championship
1980Pierce County Bengals23Twin City (CA) Cougars28

Reference: [1]

About

The Northwest Football League was a Semi-Pro Football League operating in Washington State and Oregon State (USA) & British Columbia (Canada) from 1971 until 2010 when it was replaced by the Greater Northwest Football Association. It includes the histories of a number of successive leagues, such as the Northwest International Football League 1971-1973, the Northwest Football League of 1974-1979, the Northwest International Alliance 1980-1981, the Pacific Northwest Football League 1980, and the Northwest Football League 1981-2010.

References

Internet Archive

[1] Northwest Football League (1999) NWFL Archives | League Standings 1979-1986 [Internet] Available from: https://web.archive.org/web/19991111224704/http://www.serv.net/~nwfl/page37.html [Accessed 29 November 2019]

Acknowledgements

Thanks to Todd Zboyan & Brianna Wallace

About this document

Researched, compiled and written by Enda Mulcahy for the

Eirball | Irish North American and World Sports Archive

Last Updated: 30 November 2019

(c) Copyright Enda Mulcahy and Eirball 2019

You may quote this document in part provided that proper acknowledgement is given to the authors. All Rights Reserved.

Anthracite Football League 1928-1929

AFL 1928

PWLTPFPAPct
*Shenandoah1071211332.875
Coaldale Big Green106319747.667
Mahanoy City Indians105325240.625
Gilberton Orange Buds93516383.375
Tamaqua103614661.333
Hazelton Mountaineers917114122.125
Anthracite Football League Standings 1928 [Reference: 1]

AFL 1929

PWLTPFPAPct
*Shenandoah9702183331.000
Mahanoy City Indians1061310745.843
Coaldale Big Green95229140.724
Girardville82612288.250
Gilberton71511960.167
Pottsville807113169.000
Anthracite Football League Standings 1929 [Reference: 1]

Sources

[1] Gill, Bob with Maher, Todd (2006) “Part 3: Season-by Season Listings” Outsiders, Minor League and Independent Football 1923-1950. Pg. 136. St. Johann Press. Haworth, NJ, USA.

Acknowledgements

Thanks to Richard Mulcahy

About this document

Researched, compiled and written by Enda Mulcahy for the

Eirball | Irish North American & World Sports Archive

Last Updated: 23 December 2019

(c) Copyright Enda Mulcahy and Eirball 2019

You may quote this document in part provided that proper acknowledgement is given to the authors. All Rights Reserved.

Indoor Football League 2020

Indoor Football League Logo (2020) [Ref: 4]

Standings

PWLTPFPAPct
Quad Cities Steamwheelers110054391.000
San Diego Strike Force110050361.000
Bismarck Bucks10103650.000
Cedar Rapids River Kings10103954.000
Iowa Barnstormers
Green Bay Blizzard
Sioux Falls Storm
Spokane Shock
Oakland Panthers
Arizona Rattlers
Duke City Gladiators
Tuscon Sugar Skulls
Frisco
Inddor Football League Standings 2020 [Reference: Compiled from Schedule in: 2]

Schedule

DateHome TeamAway Team
Week 1
07.03.2020Cedar Rapids River Kings39Quad Cities Steamwheelers54
08.03.2020Bismarck Bucks36San Diego Strike Force50
Week 2
12.03.2020FriscoDuke City Gladiators
14.03.2020Oakland PanthersIowa Barnstormers
14.03.2020San Diego Strike ForceCedar Rapids River Kings
15.03.2020Sioux Falls StormBismarck Bucks
Week 3
19.03.2020Cedar Rapids River KingsTucson Sugar Skulls
21.03.2020Quad Cities SteamwheelersArizona Rattlers
21.03.2020Oakland PanthersDuke City Gladiators
22.03.2020Bismarck BucksSpokane Shock
22.03.2020Green Bay BlizzardFrisco
Week 4
26.03.2020Spokane ShockSan Diego Strike Force
28.03.2020Oakland PanthersArizona Rattlers
29.03.2020Bismarck BucksIowa Barnstormers
29.03.2020Sioux Falls StormFrisco
29.03.2020Green Bay BlizzardQuad Cities Steamwheelers
29.03.2020Tucson Sugar SkullsDuke City Gladiators
Week 5
03.04.2020Quad Cities SteamwheelersSpokane Shock
03.04.2020Iowa BarnstormersGreen Bay Blizzard
04.04.2020FriscoBismarck Bucks
04.04.2020Cedar Rapids River KingsSioux Falls Storm
04.04.2020Duke City GladiatorsSan Diego Strike Force
05.04.2020Arizona RattlersTucson Sugar Skulls
Week 6
09.04.2020Spokane ShockSioux Falls Storm
10.04.2020Cedar Rapids River KingsGreen Bay Blizzard
11.04.2020Quad Cities SteamwheelersBismarck Bucks
11.04.2020Iowa BarnstormersArizona Rattlers
11.04.2020Tucson Sugar SkullsSan Diego Strike Force
11.04.2020Duke City GladiatorsOakland Panthers
Week 7
18.04.2020Bismarck BucksCedar Rapids River Kings
18.04.2020Arizona RattlersFrisco
18.04.2020San Diego Strike ForceOakland Panthers
18.04.2020Spokane ShockTucson Sugar Skulls
19.04.2020Green Bay BlizzardIowa Barnstormers
19.04.2020Sioux Fall StormQuad Cities Steamwheelers
Week 8
24.04.2020Green Bay BlizzardOakland Panthers
25.04.2020Sioux Falls StormArizona Rattlers
25.04.2020Iowa BarnstormersBismarck Bucks
25.04.2020Quad Cities SteamwheelersDuke City Gladiators
26.04.2020Cedar Rapids River KingsFrisco
26.04.2020San Diego Strike ForceTucson Sugar Skulls
Week 9
02.05.2020Sioux Falls StormIowa Barnstormers
02.05.2020FriscoQuad Cities Steamwheelers
02.05.2020Oakland PanthersBismarck Bucks
02.05.2020Tucson Sugar SkullsGreen Bay Blizzard
02.05.2020Arizona RatllersSpokane Shock
03.05.2020San Diego Strike ForceDuke City Gladiators
Week 10
08.05.2020FriscoSan Diego Strike Force
08.05.2020Tucson Sugar SkullsArizona Rattlers
09.05.2020Bismarck BucksSioux Falls Storm
09.05.2020Cedar Rapids River KingsGreen Bay Blizzard
09.05.2020Iowa BarnstormersDuke City Gladiators
09.05.2020Spokane ShockOakland Panthers
Week 11
15.05.2020Sioux Falls StormDuke City Gladiators
16.05.2020Bismarck BucksGreen Bay Blizzard
16.05.2020Iowa BarnstormersCedar Rapids River Kings
16.05.2020Arizona RattlersTucson Sugar Skulls
16.05.2020Oakland PanthersSan Diego Strike Force
16.05.2020Spokane ShockFrisco
Week 12
22.05.2020Quad Cities SteamwheelersSioux Falls Storm
23.05.2020Duke City GladiatorsFrisco
24.05.2020Tucson Sugar SkullsSpokane Shock
Week 13
29.05.2020Green Bay BlizzardBismarck Bucks
30.05.2020Cedar Rapids River KingsIowa Barnstormers
30.05.2020Duke City GladiatorsTucson Sugar Skulls
30.05.2020Oakland PanthersFrisco
30.05.2020Arizona RattlersQuad Cities Steamwheelers
30.05.2020Spokane ShockSan Diego Strike Force
Week 14
05.06.2020Quad Cities SteamwheelersGreen Bay Blizzard
06.06.2020Bismarck BucksIowa Barnstormers
06.06.2020FriscoCedar Rapids River Kings
06.06.2020Sioux Falls StormSpokane Shock
06.06.2020Duke City GladiatorsArizona Rattlers
07.06.2020San Diego Strike ForceOakland Panthers
Week 15
13.06.2020FriscoSpokane Shock
13.06.2020Iowa BarnstormersQuad Cities Steamwheelers
13.06.2020Green Bay BlizzardSioux Falls Storm
13.06.2020Duke City GladiatorsCedar Rapids River Kings
13.06.2020Tucson Sugar SkullsBismarck Bucks
13.06.2020FriscoOakland Panthers
Week 16
19.06.2020FriscoIowa Barnstormers
20.06.2020Quad Cities SteamwheelersCedar Rapids River Kings
20.06.2020Duke City GladiatorsSioux Falls Storm
20.06.2020Spokane ShockArizona Rattlers
21.06.2020San Diego Strike ForceTucson Sugar Skulls
Week 17
27.06.2020Cedar Rapids River KingsGreen Bay Blizzard
27.06.2020Iowa BarnstormersSioux Falls Storm
27.06.2020Tucson Sugar SkullsOakland Panthers
27.06.2020Arizona RattlersDuke City Gladiators
27.06.2020San Diego Strike ForceSpokane Shock
Indoor Football League Schedule 2020 [Reference: 2]

IFL 2020 Team Geographic Map

Indoor Football League 2020 Team Map [Reference: 3]

About

The Indoor Football League is a AAA American Football League played Reduced Numbers (8v8) Arena Football in the American Mid-West, South & West. Previously AA, it has since the demise of the AAA Arena Football League after the 2019 season, it has expanded its Geographic Reach, and has taken the AFL’s position as the AAA League in Indoor/Arena Football.

Reduced Numbers American Football is Full Contact Kittec Football, but with less players designed for smaller localities & regions with less population in the USA.

References

Websites

[1] Indoor Football League (2019) Standings [Internet] Available from: https://www.goifl.com/sports/fball/2018-19/standings [Accessed 27 October 2019]

[2] Indoor Football League (2019) Schedule [Internet] Available from: https://www.goifl.com/sports/fball/2019-20/schedule [Accessed 11 March 2020]

Images

[3] Indoor Football League (2019) 2020 Indoor Football League | Geographic Map [Internet] Available from: https://www.goifl.com/members/IFL_Map_12-16-19.png?max_height=685&max_width=889 [Accessed 23 December 2019]

[4] Indoor Football League Twitter (2020) Indoor Football League 2020 Logo [Internet] Available from: https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1230522589648310272/BstnTsL2_400x400.jpg [Accessed 11 March 2020]

Acknowledgements

Thanks to Bart Barden & Sam Thompson

About this document

Researched, compiled and written by Enda Mulcahy for the

Eirball | Irish North American and World Sports Archive

Last Updated: 11 March 2020

(c) Copyright Enda Mulcahy and Eirball 2020

You may quote this document in part provided that proper acknowledgement is given to the authors. All Rights Resereved.

Southwestern Football League 1973

SWFL 1973

PWLTPFPAPct
Eastern Division
*Oklahoma City Wranglers10910442110.900
*San Antonio Toros8620239170.750
Albuquerque Thunderbirds8440212173.500
Denver Oilers817087372.125
Kansas City Steers303019139.000
Western Division
*Las Vegas Casinos8620192129.750
Phoenix Blazers9630217181.667
Southern California Razorbacks9360164147.333
Los Angeles Mustangs9180128221.111

Reference: [1]

DateHome TeamAway Team
Semi-Final Playoff
01.09.1973San Antonio Toros 45Las Vegas Casinos3
Championship Game
08.09.1973Oklahoma City Wranglers19San Antonio Toros16

Reference: [1; 37-40]

Regular Season Results

DateHome TeamAway Team
Week 1
16.06.1973New Mexico Thunderbirds32Los Angeles Mustangs6
16.06.1973Phoenix Blazers20Southern California Razorbacks18
16.06.1973Oklahoma City Wranglers57Denver Oilers0
Week 2
23.06.1973Phoenix Blazers27New Mexico Thuncerbirds33 ot
23.06.1973Kansas City Steers0Oklahoma City Wranglers37
Week 3
30.06.1973New Mexico Thunderbirds21Southern California Razorbacks27
30.06.1973San Antonio Toros35Denver Oilers10
30.06.1973Phoenix Blazers27Los Angeles Mustangs7
30.06.1973Oklahoma City Wranglers75Kansas City steers0
Week 4
07.07.1973New Mexico Thunderbirds14Oklahoma City Wranglers37
07.07.1973Denver Oilers6Phoenix Blazers39
07.07.1973Las Vegas Casinos26Southern California Razorbacks12
07.07.1973San Antonio Toros25Los Angeles Mustangs15
Week 5
14.07.1973San Antonio Toros43Phoenix Blazers7
Week 6
21.07.1973New Mexico Thunderbirds17Southern California Razorbacks0
21.07.1973San Antonio Toros26Oklahoma City Wranglers17
21.07.1973Phoenix Blazers22Las Vegas Casinos17
Week 7
28.07.1973Oklahoma City Wranglers38New Mexico Thunderbirds22
28.07.1973Las Vegas Casinos39San Antonio Toros27
28.07.1973Phoenix Blazers52Denver Oilers19
28.07.1973Southern California Razorbacks27Los Angeles Mustangs4
Week 8
04.08.1973San Antonio Toros31New Mexico Thunderbirds24
04.08.1973Oklahoma City Wranglers63Denver Oilers3
04.08.1973Phoenix BlazerscLos Angeles Mustangsc
04.08.1973Las Vegas Casinos13Southern California Razorbacks11
Week 9
11.08.1973New Mexico Thunderbirds50Denver Oilers7
11.08.1973Las Vegas Casinos47Phoenix Blazers7
11.08.1973San Antonio Toros32Southern California Razorbacks7
Week 10
18.08.1973New Mexico ThunderbirdscPhoenix Blazersc
18.08.1973Oklahoma City Warriors42San Antonio Toros14
Week 11
25.08.1973New Mexico ThunderbirdscSan Antonio Torosc
25.08.1973Las Vegas Casinos0 #Southern California Razorbacks1
Week 12
01.09.1973Los Angeles MustangsSouthern California Razorbacks

Reference: [2-36; 41-47]

Report

The Soujthwestern Football League expanded to nine teams from six in 1973. The Kansas City Steers folded after 3 games, and were stricken from the record. The top teams all season were the San Antonio Toros, Las Vegas Casinos and Oklahoma City Wranglers.

The New Mexico Thunderbirds and Phoenix Blazers both finished with average records, and ran into financial trouble late on in the season, both cancelling games.

The Toros were the defending Champions, andhad a shot at repeating, beating Western Division Champions Las Vegas Casinos in the Semi-Final Playoff 45-3, before losing to Eastern Division Champions Oklahoma City Wranglers 19-16 in the Championship Game.

About

The Southwestern Football League (1972-1973) was a AAA (2nd Level) American Football League – when asked by a reporter if they were any good, the New Mexico Thunderbirds Head Coach said the Southwestern Football League Champs were to the NFL Super Bowl Champs what the Albuquerque Dukes were to the Los Angeles Dodgers in Baseball – in other words a AAA team.

It was based, as its name suggests, in the American Southwest, featuring teams from Texas (San Antonio Toros & Dallas Rockets), Kansas City, Oklahoma (Oklahoma City Wranglers), Colorado (Denver Oilers), New Mexico (Albuquerque Thunderbirds), Arizona (Phoenix Blazers), Nevada (Las Vegas) and California (Southern California Razorbacks, Los Angeles Mustangs).

It was preceded by the Texas Football League (1966-1971) and the Continental Football League – 1965-1969 – AAA – 2nd Level) and was succeeded by the California Football League (1977-1982) and the American Football Association (1977-1983 – Texas and Southern States further east – AAA). The World Football League of 1974-1975 took up a lot of the players of Minor Football Leagues at the time, leaving just one League at AAA & AA level.

Note on Team Names

A lot of the teams in the Southwestern Football League made reference to the “Cowboy & Indian” culture of the region – the Kansas City Steers and San Antonio Toros were both named after Bulls, the Los Angeles Mustangs were named after a Wild Horse found in the West, and the Oklahoma City Wranglers were named after Cowboys. The Albuquerque Thunderbirds were named after a mythical Native American bird. There were also teams named after the Oil Industry – the Denver Oilers; the Space Industry – Dallas Rockets; and the Gambling Industry – Las Vegas Casinos, all of which would employ people in the Southwest. The Phoenix Blazers is also a reference to a mythical bird, this time the one from Ancient Egyptian & Christian mythology, the Phoenix who rose from the flames, after which the city is named.

Reference:

Bibliography

[1] Gill, Bob et al (2010) “Season-by-Season Listings- Other Leagues” Outsiders II – Minor League and Independent Football 1951-1985 pg. 120-121. St. Johann Press, Haworth, NJ (USA), 2010

Sources

[2] Adams, Bill (1973) “Thunderbirds leave nest Saturday” Los Lunas Valencia County News, June 14, 1973. pg. 14 [internet] Available from: https://newspaperarchive.com/los-lunas-valencia-county-news-jun-14-1973-p-14/ [Accessed 6 December 2019]

[3] Bearman, LeRoy (1973) “13, 000 fans see T-Birds win by 32-6” Albuquerque Journal. June 17, 1973. pg. 53 [Internet] Available from: https://newspaperarchive.com/albuquerque-journal-jun-17-1973-p-53/ [Accessed 6 December 1973]

[4] Anon. (1973) “T-Birds, unbeaten Oklahoma clash Saturday” Albuquerque Tribune. July 4, 1973. pg. 30. [Internet] Available from: https://newspaperarchive.com/albuquerque-tribune-jul-04-1973-p-30/ {Accessed 6 December 2019]

[5] Lay, Gret (1973) “T-Birds Face California Tonight” Albuquerque Journal, July 21, 1973. pg. 31. [Internet] Available from: https://newspaperarchive.com/albuquerque-journal-jul-21-1973-p-31/ [Accessed 6 December 2019]

[6] Anon. (1973) “SWPFL Standings” Albuquerque Tribune. July 26, 1973. pg. 48. [Internet] Available from: https://newspaperarchive.com/albuquerque-tribune-jul-26-1973-p-48/ [Accessed 6 December 2019]

[7] Anon. (1973) “Wranglers stop T-Birds, 38-22” Albuquerque Tribune. July 30, 1973. pg. 31. [Internet] Available from: https://newspaperarchive.com/albuquerque-tribune-jul-30-1973-p-31/ [Accessed 6 December 2019]

[8] Anon. (1973) “SWPFL Standings” Albuquerque Tribune. August 1,1973. pg. 45. [Internet] Available from: https://newspaperarchive.com/albuquerque-tribune-aug-01-1973-p-45/ [Accessed 6 December 2019]

[9] Anon. (1973) “Olivas figures in Toros Game” Albuquerque Tribune. August 2, 1973. Pg. 54 [Internet] Available from: https://newspaperarchive.com/albuquerque-tribune-aug-02-1973-p-54/ [Accessed 6 December 2019]

[10] Anon. (1973) “T-Bird Bid Falls Short” Albuquerque Journal. August 5, 1973. pg. 57 [Internet] Available from: https://newspaperarchive.com/albuquerque-journal-aug-05-1973-p-57/ [Accessed 6 December 2019]

[11] Anon. (1973) “Oilers next for T-Birds” Albuquerque Tribune. August 10, 1973. Pg. 41 [Internet] Available from: https://newspaperarchive.com/albuquerque-tribune-aug-10-1973-p-41/ [Accessed 7 December 2019]

[12] Anon. (1973) “T-Birds play Denver” Albuquerque Tribune. Aug 11, 1973. pg. 9 [Internet] Available from: https://newspaperarchive.com/albuquerque-tribune-aug-11-1973-p-9/ [Accessed 7 December 2019]

[13] Wood, Charles (1973) “Olivas shoots ’em down” Albuquerque Tribune. Aug 13, 1973. p. 27. [Internet] Available from: https://newspaperarchive.com/albuquerque-tribune-aug-13-1973-p-27/ [Accessed 7 December 2019]

[14] Anon. (1973) “Blazers back out on T-Bird Contest” Albuquerque Journal. August 16, 1973. pg. 35. [Internet] Available from: https://newspaperarchive.com/albuquerque-journal-aug-16-1973-p-35/ [Accessed 6 December 2019]

[15] Anon. (1973) “T-Bird Football Game Cancelled” Albuquerque Tribune. August 24, 1973. pg. 44. [Internet] Available from: https://newspaperarchive.com/albuquerque-tribune-aug-24-1973-p-44/ [Accessed 6 December 2019]

[16] Anon. (1973) “Blazers’triumph” Phoenix Arizona Republic. July 1, 1973. pg. 131. [Internet] Available from: https://newspaperarchive.com/phoenix-arizona-republic-jul-01-1973-p-131/ [Accessed 7 December 2019]

[17] Jacobsen, Bob (1973) “Blazers’ char Mustangs” Phoenix Arizona Republic. July 2, 1973. pg. 55. [Internet] Available from: https://newspaperarchive.com/phoenix-arizona-republic-jul-02-1973-p-55/ [Accessed 7 December 2019]

[18] Anon. (1973) “Blazers’ air game destroys Denver” Phoenix Arizona Republic. July 9, 1973. pg. 65. [Internet] Available from: https://newspaperarchive.com/phoenix-arizona-republic-jul-09-1973-p-65/ [Accessed 7 December 2019]

[19] Jacobsen, Bob (1973) “Blazers’ bow, 43-7” Phoenix Arizona Republic. July 16, 1973. pg. 53. [Internet] Available from: https://newspaperarchive.com/phoenix-arizona-republic-jul-16-1973-p-53/ [Accessed 7 December 2019]

[20] Jacobsen, Bob (1973) “Blazers take squeaker” Phoenix Arizona Republic. July 22, 1973. pg. 117. [Internet] Available from: https://newspaperarchive.com/phoenix-arizona-republic-jul-22-1973-p-117/ [Accessed 7 December 2019]

[21] Jacobsen, Bob (1973) “Blazers triumph” Phoenix Arizona Republic. July 22, 1973. pg. 129. [Internet] Available from: https://newspaperarchive.com/phoenix-arizona-republic-jul-22-1973-p-129/ [Accessed 7 December 2019]

[22] Anon. (1973) “Phoenix Blazers forced to cancel game with LA” Phoenix Arizona Republic. July 27, 1973. pg. 121. [Internet] Available from: https://newspaperarchive.com/phoenix-arizona-republic-jul-27-1973-p-121/ [Accessed 7 December 2019]

[23] Jacobsen, Bob (1973) “Blazers breeze, 55-19” Phoenix Arizona Republic. July 29, 1973. pg. 125. [Internet] Available from: https://newspaperarchive.com/phoenix-arizona-republic-jul-29-1973-p-125/ [Accessed 7 December 2019]

[24] Anon. (1973) “Blazers in gamble on Casinos’ turf” Phoenix Arizona Republic. August 11 1973. pg. 133. [Internet] Available from: https://newspaperarchive.com/phoenix-arizona-republic-aug-11-1973-p-133/ [Accessed 7 December 2019]

[25] Anon. (1973) “Casinos beat Blazers, 47-7” Phoenix Arizona Republic. August 12 1973. pg. 133. [Internet] Available from: https://newspaperarchive.com/phoenix-arizona-republic-aug-12-1973-p-133/ [Accessed 7 December 2019]

[26] Anon.(1973) “Toros hold off Mustangs for 25-15 Grid Victory” San Antonio Light. July 8, 1973. pg. 67. [Internet] Available from: https://newspaperarchive.com/san-antonio-light-jul-08-1973-p-67/ [Accessed 6 December 2019]

[27] Anon.(1973) “Toros beat Los Angeles” San Antonio Light. July 8, 1973. pg. 69. [Internet] Available from: https://newspaperarchive.com/san-antonio-light-jul-08-1973-p-69/ [Accessed 6 December 2019]

[28] Anon.(1973) “Toros smash Phoenix by 43-7” San Antonio Light. July 15, 1973. pg. 72. [Internet] Available from: https://newspaperarchive.com/san-antonio-light-jul-15-1973-p-72/ [Accessed 6 December 2019]

[29] Hines, John (1973) “Toros Wrangling for Another Victory” San Antonio Express and News. July 21, 1973. pg. 54. [Internet] Available from: https://newspaperarchive.com/san-antonio-express-and-news-jul-21-1973-p-54/ [Accessed 6 December 2019]

[30] Hines, John (1973) “Toros in Unreal Rally; Win by 26-17” San Antonio Express and News. July 22, 1973. pg. 50. [Internet] Available from: https://newspaperarchive.com/san-antonio-express-and-news-jul-22-1973-p-50/ [Accessed 6 December 2019]

[31] Evans, Ray (1973) “Toros Explode late to defeat Wranglers” San Antonio Light. July 22, 1973. pg. 31. [Internet] Available from: https://newspaperarchive.com/san-antonio-light-jul-22-1973-p-31/ [Accessed 6 December 2019]

[32] Page, Barry (1973) “Toros win, 31-24” San Antonio Express and News. August 5, 1973. pg. 48 [Internet] Available from: https://newspaperarchive.com/san-antonio-express-and-news-aug-05-1973-p-48/ [Accessed 6 December 2019]

[33] Evans, Ray (1973) “Toros take 31-24 victory from N.M.” San Antonio Light. August 5, 1973. pg. 70. [Internet] Available from: https://newspaperarchive.com/san-antonio-light-aug-05-1973-p-70/ [Accessed 6 December 2019]

[34] Evans, Ray (1973) “Sub QB guides Toros to victory” San Antonio Light. August 12, 1973. pg. 75. [Internet] Available from: https://newspaperarchive.com/san-antonio-light-aug-12-1973-p-75/ [Accessed 6 December 2019]

[35] Hines, John (1973) “Wranglers slash Toros” San Antonio Express and News. August 19, 1973. pg. 23. [Internet] Available from: https://newspaperarchive.com/san-antonio-express-and-news-aug-19-1973-p-23/ [Accessed 6 December 2019]

[36] Evans, Ray (1973) “Wranglers Tame Toros, Take Crown” San Antonio Light. August 19, 1973. pg. 131. [Internet] Available from: https://newspaperarchive.com/san-antonio-light-aug-19-1973-p-131/ [Accessed 6 December 2019]

[37] Anon. (1973) “SFL Playoff Tilts slated” San Antonio Express. August 22, 1973. pg. 45. [Internet] Available from: https://newspaperarchive.com/san-antonio-express-aug-22-1973-p-45/ [Accessed 6 December 2019]

[38] Juarez, Ray (1973) “Toros smash crippled Las Vegas Casinos, 45-3” San Antonio Light. September 2, 1973. pg. 80. [Internet] Available from: https://newspaperarchive.com/san-antonio-light-sep-02-1973-p-80/ [Accessed 6 December 2019]

[39] Juarez, Ray (1973) “Pasterchick feels loneliness of defeat” San Antonio Light. September 10, 1973. pg. 17. [Internet] Available from: https://newspaperarchive.com/san-antonio-light-sep-10-1973-p-17/ [Accessed 6 December 2019]

[40] Hines, John (1973) “Wranglers nip Toros 19-16” San Antonio Express. September 10, 1973. pg. 13. [Internet] Available from: https://newspaperarchive.com/san-antonio-express-sep-10-1973-p-13/ [Accessed 6 December 2019]

[41] Anon. (1973) “Sports Briefs: Football” Nevada State Journal. July 9, 1973. pg. 14. [Internet] Available from: https://newspaperarchive.com/nevada-state-journal-jul-09-1973-p-14/ [Accessed 7 December 2019]

[42] Anon. (1973) “Razorbacks in near upset” Santa Ana Register. June 18, 1973. pg. 24. [Internet] Available from: https://newspaperarchive.com/santa-ana-register-jun-18-1973-p-24/ [Accessed 7 December 2019]

[43] Anon. (1973) “Razorbacks at New Mexico” Santa Ana Register. July 21, 1973. pg. 24. [Internet] Available from: https://newspaperarchive.com/santa-ana-register-jul-21-1973-p-24/ [Accessed 7 December 2019]

[44] Anon. (1973) “Razorbacks , Mustangs at Bowl” Santa Ana Register. July 25, 1973. pg. 21. [Internet] Available from: https://newspaperarchive.com/santa-ana-register-jul-28-1973-p-21/ [Accessed 7 December 2019]

[45] Anon. (1973) “Razorbacks score early to rout Mustangs, 27-4” Santa Ana Register. July 30, 1973. pg. 21. [Internet] Available from: https://newspaperarchive.com/santa-ana-register-jul-30-1973-p-21/ [Accessed 7 December 2019]

[46] Anon. (1973) “Razorbacks Fall 13-11” Santa Ana Register. Aug 7, 1973. pg. 28. [Internet] Available from: https://newspaperarchive.com/santa-ana-register-aug-07-1973-p-28/ [Accessed 7 December 2019]

[47] Anon. (1973) “Razorbacks get 2nd – on Forfeit” Santa Ana Register. Aug 26, 1973. pg. 32. [Internet] Available from: https://newspaperarchive.com/santa-ana-register-aug-25-1973-p-32/ [Accessed 7 December 2019]

References

Acknowledgements

Thanks to Fiona Corrigan, Caoimhe Mullaney, Alan Delaney, John Kane, John Wills, Louise Kenny, John Cummins, John Morahan, Jean-Paul O’Flynn.

About this document

Researched, compiled and written by Enda Mulcahy for the

Eirball | Irish North American and World Sports Archive

Last Updated: 7 December 2019

(c) Copyright Enda Mulcahy and Eirball 2019

You may quote this document in part provided that proper acknowledgement is given to the authors. All Rights Reserved.

Southwestern Football League 1972-1973

SWFL 1972

PWLTPFPAPct
*San Antonio Toros8800259781.000
Las Vegas Casinos862015994.750
Phoenix Blazers10640240230.600
Southern California Razorbacks7430.571
Dallas Rockets6150.167
Los Angeles Mustangs606083150.000

Reference: [1]

SWFL 1973

PWLTPFPAPct
Eastern Division
*Oklahoma City Wranglers10910442110.900
*San Antonio Toros8620239170.750
Albuquerque Thunderbirds8440212173.500
Denver Oilers817087372.125
Kansas City Steers303019139.000
Western Division
*Las Vegas Casinos8620192129.750
Phoenix Blazers9630217181.667
Southern California Razorbacks9360164147.333
Los Angeles Mustangs9180128221.111

Reference: [1]

DateHome TeamAway Team
Semi-Final Playoff
1973San Antonio Toros 45Las Vegas Casinos3
Championship Game
1973Oklahoma City Wranglers19San Antonio Toros16

Reference: [1]

Report

The San Antonio Toros won the first Southwestern Football League title, although there was no Championship Game. The League expanded to nine teams from six in 1973 and the Toros had a shot at repeating, beating Western Division Champions Las Vegas Casinos in the Semi-Final Playoff 45-3, before losing to Eastern Division Champions Oklahoma City Wranglers 19-16 in the Championship Game.

About

The Southwestern Football League (1972-1973) was a AA (3rd Level) American Football League based, as its name suggests, in the American Southwest, featuring teams from Texas (San Antonio Toros & Dallas Rockets), Kansas City, Oklahoma (Oklahoma City Wranglers), Colorado (Denver Oilers), New Mexico (Albuquerque Thunderbirds), Arizona (Phoenix Blazers) and California (Southern California Razorbacks, Los Angeles Mustangs).

It was preceded by the Texas Football League (1966-1971) and the Continental Football League – 1965-1969 – AAA – 2nd Level) and was succeeded by the California Football League (1977-1982) and the American Football Association (1977-1983 – Texas and Southern States further east – AAA). The World Football League of 1974-1975 took up a lot of the players of Minor Football Leagues at the time, leaving just one League at AAA & AA level.

Note on Team Names

A lot of the teams in the Southwestern Football League made reference to the “Cowboy & Indian” culture of the region – the Kansas City Steers and San Antonio Toros were both named after Bulls, the Los Angeles Mustangs were named after a Wild Horse found in the West, and the Oklahoma City Wranglers were named after Cowboys. The Albuquerque Thunderbirds were named after a mythical Native American bird. There were also teams named after the Oil Industry – the Denver Oilers; the Space Industry – Dallas Rockets; and the Gambling Industry – Las Vegas Casinos, all of which would employ people in the Southwest. The Phoenix Blazers is also a reference to a mythical bird, this time the one from Ancient Egyptian & Christian mythology, the Phoenix who rose from the flames, after which the city is named.

References

Bibliography

[1] Gill, Bob et al (2010) “Season-by-Season Listings- Other Leagues” Outsiders II – Minor League and Independent Football 1951-1985 pg. 120-121. St. Johann Press, Haworth, NJ (USA), 2010

Acknowledgements

Thanks to Richard Declan Mulcahy & Nora Mulcahy

About this document

Researched, compiled and written by Enda Mulcahy for the

Eirball | Irish North American and World Sports Archive

Last Updated: 30 November 2019

(c) Copyright Enda Mulcahy and Eirball 2019

You may quote this document in part provided that proper acknowledgement is given to the authors. All Rights Reserved.