Category: National Football League (NFL USA)

National Football League Preseason 1994

National Football League Logo [Ref: 5]

Final Preseason Standings

PWLTPFPAPct
AMERICAN FOOTBALL CONFERENCE
AFC East
Indianapolis Colts440080511.000
Buffalo Bills43106257.750
New England Patriots43109957.750
New York Jets43107069.750
Miami Dolphins5320105117.600
AFC Central
Cleveland Browns43107553.750
Houston Oilers52309369.400
Cincinnati Bengals41308274.250
Pittsburgh Steelers41307880.250
AFC West
Los Angeles Raiders5410122113.800
Seattle Seahawks42207751.500
Denver Broncos5230102116.400
Kansas City Chiefs52307193.400
San Diego Chargers514090116.200
NATIONAL FOOTBALL CONFERENCE
NFC East
Dallas Cowboys52308080.400
Arizona Cardinals41305477.250
Philadelphia Eagles41305973.250
Washington Redskins41306478.250
New York Giants514093104.200
NFC Central
Chicago Bears440076451.000
Green Bay Packers43107567.750
Minnesota Vikings53209789.600
Detroit Lions42207183.500
Tampa Bay Buccaneers42206169.500
AFC West
San Francisco 49ers43107053.750
Atlanta Falcons532091101.600
New Orleans Saints41306188.250
Los Angeles Rams40404295.000
National Football League Pre-Season Standings 1994 [Ref: 4]

Preseason Results

Date / W/EHome TeamAway Team
PS Week 1
31.07.1994Miami Dolphins20New York Giants19
31.07.1994Kansas City24Houston Oilers17
31.07.1994Los Angeles Raiders25Denver Broncos22
31.07.1994Dallas Cowboys17Minnesota Vikings9
31.07.1994Atlanta Falcons21San Diego Chargers17
PS Week 2
07.08.1994New York Jets13Detroit Lions26
07.08.1994Seattle Seahawks9Indianapolis Colts13
07.08.1994Philadelphia Eagles6Chicago Bears12
07.08.1994New Orleans Saints6New England Patriots24
07.08.1994San Francisco 49ers7Arizona Cardinals17
07.08.1994Los Angeles Rams6Green Bay Packers14
07.08.1994Pittsburgh Steelers14Miami Dolphins24
07.08.1994Cincinnati Bengals16Tampa Bay Buccaneers17
07.08.1994Cleveland Browns24New York Giants15
07.08.1994San Diego Chargers3Houston Oilers31
07.08.1994Atlanta Falcons16Denver Broncos37
07.08.1994Minnesota Vikings17Kansas City Chiefs9
07.08.1994Los Angeles Raiders27Dallas Cowboys19
07.08.1994Washington Redskins11Buffalo Bills13
PS Week 3
14.08.1994Atlanta Falcons27Buffalo Bills7
14.08.1994Washington Redskins14Kansas City Chiefs17
14.08.1994San Francisco 49ers20Denver Broncos3
14.08.1994 (B)San Diego Chargers20New York Giants28
14.08.1994Pittsburgh Steelers29Los Angeles Raiders17
14.08.1994Cleveland Browns16Detroit Lions7
14.08.1994Cincinnati Bengals21Indianapolis Colts26
14.08.1994Philadelphia Eagles24New York Jets34
14.08.1994 (Mil)Green Bay Packers24Miami Dolphins31
14.08.1994Minnesota Vikings21New Orleans Saints17
14.08.1994Arizona Cardinals0Chicago Bears16
14.08.1994Seattle Seahawks29Tampa Bay Buccaneers6
14.08.1994Los Angeles Rams10New England Patriots28
14.08.1994 (Mex)Houston Oilers6Dallas Cowboys0
PS Week 4
18.08.1994New England Patriots27Washington Redskins17
18.08.1994San Diego Chargers24San Francisco 49ers30
19.08.1994Detroit Lions24Arizona Cardinals16
19.08.1994Cleveland Browns28Atlanta Falcons7
19.08.1994New Orleans Saints10Green Bay Packers13
20.08.1994Pittsburgh Steelers14Indianapolis Colts17
20.08.1994Miami Dolphins14Tampa Bay Buccaneers29
20.08.1994Philadelphia Eagles17Cincinnati Bengals7
20.08.1994 (SA)Houston Oilers16Buffalo Bills18
20.08.1994New York Jets13New York Giants10
20.08.1994Los Angeles Rams20Los Angeles Raiders29
20.08.1994Seattle Seahawks30Minnesota Vikings19
21.08.1994Dallas Cowboys34Denver Broncos10
22.08.1994Kansas City Chiefs18Chicago Bears21
PS Week 5
25.08.1994Indianapolis Colts24Cleveland Browns7
25.08.1994New Orleans Saints28Dallas Cowboys10
25.08.1994Denver Broncos30Arizona Cardinals21
25.08.1994San Diego Chargers24Los Angeles Rams6
26.08.1994Atlanta Falcons20Philadelphia Eagles12
26.08.1994Cincinnati Bengals38Detroit Lions14
26.08.1994Tampa Bay Buccaneers9New York Jets10
26.08.1994Minnesota Vikings31Miami Dolphins16
26.08.1994Green Bay Packers24New England Patriots20
26.08.1994Washington Redskins22Pittsburgh Steelers21
26.08.1994Buffalo Bills24Kansas City Chiefs3
26.08.1994San Francisco 49ers13Seattle Seahawks9
27.08.1994Houston Oilers23Los Angeles Raiders24
27.08.1994New York Giants21Chicago Bears27
National Football League Preseason Results 1994 [Ref: 1-4]

Note: (B) Played in Berlin, Germany. (Mil) Played in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. (Mex) Played in Mexico City, Mexico. (SA) Played in San Antonio, Texas.

Report

The National Football League played Preseason games in 1994 in Berlin, Germany (San Diego Chargers 20 New York Giants 28) and Mexico City (Houston Oilers 6 Dallas Cowboys 0) as part of its American Bowl Series, promoting the National Football League Internationally. The Oilers also played a home game in San Antonio, Texas, losing 16-18 to the Buffalo Bills.

The NFL Preseason is geared towards testing new players, plays and systems before the start of the NFL Regular Season (Season Proper) in September.

Preseason Division Champions in 1994 were Indianapolis Colts (4-0 AFC East), Cleveland Browns (3-1 AFC Central), Los Angeles Raiders (4-1 AFC West), Dallas Cowboys (2-3 NFC East), Chicago Bears (4-0 NFC Central) and San Francisco 49ers (3-1 NFC West).

References

Newspapers

[1] Anon. (1994) “NFL Pre-Season Scoreboard” First Down. August 13, 1994. pg. 5

[2] Anon. (1994) “Standings” First Down. August 20, 1994. pg. 5

[3] Anon. (1994) “Standings” First Down. August 27, 1994. pg. 5

[4] Anon. (1994) “Standings” First Down. September 3, 1994. pg. 16

Images

[5] National Football League (2019) NFL Logo [Internet] Available from: data:image/png;base64,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 [Accessed 17 September 2019]

Acknowledgements

Thanks to Derek Walsh.

About this document

Researched, compiled and written by Enda Mulcahy for the

Eirball | Irish North American and World Sports Archive

Last Updated: 19 June 2020

(c) Copyright Enda Mulcahy and Eirball 2020

You may quote this document in whole or part provided that proper acknowledgement is given to the authors. All Rights Reserved.

National Football League Intercontinental 1972-1978

DateCityWinnersRunners-Up
27.05.1972Paris (Fra)NFL Blue16NFL Rouge6
16.08.1976Tokyo (Jap)St. Louis Cardinals20San Diego Chargers10
05.08.1978Mexico City (Mex)New Orleans Saints14Philadelphia Eagles7
National Football League Intercontinental 1972-1978 [Ref: 1-3]

Report

With the film M*A*S*H being such a hit in Europe, and around the World, featuring its climactic end-sequence depicting an American Football game, the National Football League started promoting the game outside of North America. a game was played in Paris, France in 1972 between 42 NFL players, representing NFL Blue and NFL Rouge.

At the the same time attempts were afoot by the World Football League (1974-1975) and Bob Kapp’s Intercontinental Football League to host teams in cities around the World. While the WFL got no further outside mainland USA than Hawaii, and Kapp’s Intercontinental Football League, with six franchises in Europe, never got off the ground, the NFL continued to work with the IFl, and played a game promoted by both in Tokyo, Japan, between the St. Louis Cardinals and San Diego Chargers.

In 1978 a further National Football League game was played in Mexico City between the New Orleans Saints and Philadelphia Eagles. All of these games were preseason games, but they were the first steps towards the regular hosting of NFL games outside of the USA and Canada, which were to lead eventually to the International Series of Regular Season Games held annually in London from 2007 to 2019.

References

Website / Sources

[1] Mark L. Ford and Massimo Foglio, The Coffin Corner Volume 27,No. 6, Pro Football Researchers Association (2002) THE FIRST “NFL EUROPE”[Internet] Available from: http://www.profootballresearchers.org/archives/Website_Files/Coffin_Corner/27-06-1101.pdf [Accessed 20 October 2019]

Bibiography

[2] Massimo Foglio with Mark L. Ford (2017), Touchdown in Europe – How American Football Came to the Old Continent. Second Edition “The Trailblazers: Bleu et Rouge, College and Semi-Pro”. pg. 151-188. Published by the Author (2015, 2017)

[3] National Football League (2014) 2014 National Football League Record & Factbook. “International Games” pg. 508-509. Published by National Football League and Time Home entertainment, New York, NY.

Acknowledgements

Thanks to Louise Wills (Kenny) and John Wills.

About this document

Researched, compiled and written by Enda Mulcahy for the

Eirball | Irish North American and World Sports Archive

Last Updated: 11 May 2020

(c) Copyright Enda Mulcahy and Eirball 2020

You may quote this document in part provided that proper acknowledgement is given to the authors. All Rights Resereved.

Adrian Young Irish-Born NFL, Pro and College American Football Player 1964-1975

Adrian Young

Height: 6-1 Weight: 230

Born: 03 January 1946, Dublin (Ireland)

CollegeL: Southern California Trojans (1964-1967)

Draft: 3rd Round (68th Overall), PhiladelphiaEagles (1968)

Pro: Philadelphia Eagles (NFL 1968-1972), Detroit Lions (NFL 1972), Chicago Bears (NFL 1973), The Hawaiians (WFL 1974-1975)

Adrian Young Philadelphia Eagles 1972 [Ref: 6]

Adrian Young, born in Dublin, Ireland, played for the Hawaiians in the World Football League from 1974-1975, as well as Philadelphia Eagles (1968-1972), Detroit Lions (1972) & Chicago Bears (1973) in the National Football League beforehand. [2]

He was born in Dublin, and grew up in Albert Court, across from Boland Mills, the famous bread company. His grandfather had delivered bread for the company on a horse-drawn cart. His mpther was a baker and he went to school in St. Canice’s CBS on North Circular Road, ‘a tough place’ and also Westland Row and Haddington Place.

He would go to hurling and football matches at Croke Park, and got to participate in a track meet there, an experience which meant a lot to him. He got involved through his father in Football in the Phoenix Park. They were a typical Dublin family – his mother came from a big family and they grew up opposite them. They took one bath a week, and his mother heated the water on the stove.

It was the middle of the 1950s, however, and with a large amount of emigration, and his father decided to follow in the footsteps of some of his siblings and move to Baltimore in Maryland, USA. They went to Cobh, in Cork, and took a big boat – the SS United States – on a six or seven day trip across the Atlantic – a journey which remains a vivid memory for Adrian. They landed in New York, and they didn’t have much money. Their father was supposed to pick them up. The car broke down enroute to Baltimore, and they waited six or seven hours in New York for him. He managed to get there eventually, and got to Baltimore, where they were “two strange kids walking around Baltimore” (Adrian and his brother). Their parents got them long pants for the first time.

His fther got a meat-packing job in Baltimore but it wasn’t long before California beckoned, and they drove all the way along the Appalachian Trail, all along Route 66, in a 1953 Ford, before they arrived in Southern California. They settled in La Puente, about half an hour outside downtown Los Angeles. Young attended Bishop Amat High School, and with no soccer on the activities list, joined the Football team, American Football, that is. Their coach was ex-Notre Dame, who wad played under the legendar y Frank Leahy. They won an Inter-State Championship and Young was selected as one of the best players around.

Being Irish, and from a small island, and then being in a big place like the United States of America and Los Angeles, it made him feel more comfortable in it, being good at something over there, like Football. They never had much money, but they were told life was opportunity, and to go after it, so even though Football was alien to his parents, they saved up to buy football cleats.

He was slight though, only 165 lbs, and decided to dedicate himself to training. He won a scholarship to USC (the University of Southern California), he would otherwise have never have afforded to go to University. They had won National Championships a few years previously. Young is part of the USC legend, which is something considering the athletes there over the years. He was co-captain of a side containg OJ Simpson, Tim Rossovich and Ron Yary – all legendary American Footballers. It was during one game against longtime rivals Notre Dame , that Young made NFL teams sit up and notice. . He made four interceptions in the game, which tied a conference record. The LA Times referred to it as “Young’s greatest day” .

With OJ Simpson, one of the greatest Pro and College players ever, on the team, the went all the way to the Rose Bowl, one of the top College Bowls, and Young was selected as an All-Conference and All-American player, significant awards. Simpson carved out a stellar career with the Buffalo Bills in the NFL, Yary was the first draft pick 12 months later for the ad became a star with the Minnesota Vikings. Rossovich was, like Young, drafted by the Philadelphia Eagles, and went on to become a Hollywood stuntman after the NFL – he had roomed with Tom Selleck, while at USC. Young and Rossovich roomed together while at the Eagles. Young rembers his time at USC, rubbing shoulders with billionaires, and going to parties and going into the den and seeing Oscars there. Some of the college students came from the Hollywood Elite.

He recalled that he had been fortunate enough to stay injury free while at college, but in the tougher world of the NFL he was getting beat up more. He had been quick on his feet, but tore his ligament off his right knee. He was able to play again, and was starting linebacker for the Philadelphia Eagles for five and a half years, and then played half a year for the Detroit Lions, and then one for the Chicago Bears, and two for the Hawaiians in the World Football League, a Major League rival to the NFL. He felt his time at Philadelphia wasn’t as successful as his time inn College, the Eagles were going through a transition phase, and had numerous coach changes, but he said he got to play 6 years in the National Football League and nothing could take away from that.

He returned to Dublin recently, and said that it had changed a lot – his old neighbourhood was now an upscale development – but said that his Irish background remained something deeply respected, despite all the fame and glamour he was exposed to in the NFL and USC.

Adrian Young Career Statistics

YearTeamLeagueNoPositionGPGS
1968Philadelphia EaglesNFL35LLB10
1969PhiladelphiaEaglesNFL35LLB131970
1970Philadelphia EaglesNFL35LLB14
1971Philadelphia EaglesNFL35RLB22
1972Philadelphia EaglesNFL35LB10
1972Detroit LionsNFL51LB100
1972YearNFL110
1973Chicago BearsNFL54LB2
1974The HawaiiansWFL61RLB
1975The HawaiiansWFL65WLB
Adrian Young Career Record [Ref: 5]

Legend: NFL = National Football League. WFL = World Football League. No. = Shirt Number. LLB = Left Linebacker. RLB = Right Linebacker. LB = Linebacker. WLB = Wide Linebacker. GP = Games Played. GS = Games Started.

Interceptions

YearTeamLeagueNo. YDSAVGLGTD
1969Philadelphia EaglesNFL100.000
1970Philadelphia EaglesNFL2199.5130
1974The HawaiiansWFL11111.0110
1975The HawaiiansWFL23819.0190
Adrian Young Interceptions [Ref: 5]

Legend: NFL = National Football League. WFL = World Football League. No. = Number of Interceptions Made. YDS = Yards Returned. AVG = Average Yards Returned. LG = Longest Yards returned. TD = Interceptions Returned for Touchdowns.

Fumbles

YearTeamLeagueNoLostOwnOppRecYdsTD
1968PhiladelphiaEaglesNFL00011110
1969Philadelphia EaglesNFL00123240
Adrian Young Fumbles [Ref: 5]

NFL = National Football League. No. = Number of Interceptions Made. Lost = Fumbles Made (Lost). Own = fumbles Recovered (Own Team). Opp = Fumbles Recovered (Opposing Team). Rec = Total Fumbles Received. YDS = Yards Returned. TD = Interceptions Returned for Touchdowns.

AAWU (College) 1964

OWOLOTPctCWCLCTPct
Oregon State Beavers830.727310.750
USC Southern Califonia Trojans730.700310.750
Washington Huskies640.600520.714
UCLA California-Los Angeles Bruins460.400220.500
Stanford Cardinal550.500340.429
Oregon Ducks721.750121.375
Washington State Cougars361.350121.375
California Golden Bears370.300040.000
Athletic Association of Western Universities Standings 1964 [Ref: 6]

Adrian Young, LB, who was born in Dublin, Ireland, played Linebacker for the Southern California Trojans in 1964. [2] Note: OW=Overall Wins, OL= Overall Losses, OT=Overall Ties, CW=Conference Wins (AAWU), CL=Conference Losses (AAWU), CT=Conference Ties (AAWU)

AAWU (College) 1965

OWOLOTPctCWCLCTPct
UCLA California-Los Angeles Bruins821.7734001.000
USC Southern California Trojans721.750410.800
Washington State Cougars730.700210.667
Washington Huskies550.500430.571
Stanford Cardinal631.650230.400
California Golden Bears550.500230.400
Oregon State Beavers550.500130.250
Oregon Ducks451.450050.000
Athletic Association of Western Universities Standings 1965 [Ref: 7]

Adrian Young, LB, who was born in Dublin, Ireland, played Linebacker for the Southern California Trojans in 1965. [2] Note: OW=Overall Wins, OL= Overall Losses, OT=Overall Ties, CW=Conference Wins (AAWU), CL=Conference Losses (AAWU), CT=Conference Ties (AAWU)

AAWU (College) 1966

OWOLOTPctCWCLCTPct
USC Southern California Trojans740.636410.800
UCLA California-Los Angeles Bruins910.900310.750
Oregon State Beavers730.700310.750
Washington Huskies640.600430.571
California Golden Bears370.300230.500
Stanford Cardinal550.500140.200
Oregon Ducks370.300130.250
Washington State Cougars370.300130.250
Athletic Association of Western Universities Standings 1966 [Ref: 8]

Adrian Young, LB, who was born in Dublin, Ireland, played Linebacker for the Southern California Trojans in 1966. [2] Note: OW=Overall Wins, OL= Overall Losses, OT=Overall Ties, CW=Conference Wins (AAWU), CL=Conference Losses (AAWU), CT=Conference Ties (AAWU)

AAWU (College) 1967

OWOLOTPctCWCLCTPct
USC Southern California Trojans1010.909610.857
Oregon State Beavers721.750411.750
UCLA California-Los Angeles Bruins721.750411.750
California Golden Bears550.500230.400
Stanford Cardinal550.500340.429
Washington Huskies550.500340.429
Oregon Ducks280.200150.167
Washington State Cougars280.200150.167
Athletic Association of Western Universities Standings 1967 [Ref: 9]

Adrian Young, LB, who was born in Dublin, Ireland, played Linebacker for the Southern California Trojans in 1967. [2] Note: OW=Overall Wins, OL= Overall Losses, OT=Overall Ties, CW=Conference Wins (AAWU), CL=Conference Losses (AAWU), CT=Conference Ties (AAWU)

NFL & AFL 1968

PWLTPFPAPct
NATIONAL FOOTBALL LEAGUE
Eastern Conference Capitol Division
*Dallas Cowboys141220431186.857
New York Giants14770294325.500
Washington Redskins14590249358.357
Philadelphia Eagles142120202351.143
Eastern Conference Century Division
*Cleveland Browns141040394273.714
St. Louis Cardinals14941325289.692
New Orleans Saints14491246327.308
Pittsburgh Steelers142111244397.154
Western Conference Coastal Division
*Baltimore Colts141310402144.929
Los Angeles Rams141031312200.769
San Francisco 49ers14761303310.538
Atlanta Falcons142120170389.143
Western Conference Central Division
*Minnesota Vikings14860282242.571
Chicago Bears14770250233.500
Green Bay Packers14671281227.462
Detroit Lions14482207241.333
AMERICAN FOOTBALL LEAGUE
Eastern Division
*New York Jets141130419280.786
Houston Oilers14770303248.500
Miami Dolphins14581276355.385
Boston Patriots144100229406.286
Buffalo Bills141121199367.077
Western Division
*Oakland Raiders141220453233.857
*Kansas City Chiefs141220371170.857
San Diego Chargers14950382310.643
Denver Broncos14590255404.357
Cincinnati Bengals143110215329.214
National Football League and American Football League Standings 1968 [Ref: 1]
DateHome TeamAway Team
NFL Conference Championships
1968Cleveland Browns31Dallas Cowboys0
1968Baltimore Colts24Minnesota Vikings14
NFL Championship
1968Cleveland Browns0Baltimore Colts34
AFL Western Division Playoff
1968Oakland Raiders41Kansas City Chiefs6
AFL Championship
1968New York Jets27Oakland Raiders23
Super Bowl IIIOrange Bowl, Miami, Florida
1968New York Jets (AFL)16Baltimore Colts (NFL)7
National Football League and American Football League Playoffs 1968 [Ref: 1]

Adrian Young, LB, who was born in Dublin, Ireland, played Linebacker for the Philadelphia Eagles in 1968. [2]

NFL & AFL 1969

PWLTPFPAPct
NATIONAL FOOTBALL LEAGUE
Eastern Conference Capitol Division
*Dallas Cowboys141121369223.846
Washington Redskins14752307319.583
New Orleans Saints14590311393.357
Philadelphia Eagles14491279377.308
Eastern Conference Century Division
*Cleveland Browns141031351300.769
New York Giants14680264298.429
St. Louis Cardinals14491314389.308
Pittsburgh Steelers141130218404.071
Western Conference Coastal Division
*Los Angeles Rams141130320243.786
Baltimore Colts14851279268.615
Atlanta Falcons14680276268.429
San Francisco 49ers14482277319.333
Western Conference Central Division
*Minnesota Vikings141220379133.857
Detroit Lions14941259188.692
Green Bay Packers14860269221.571
Chicago Bears141130210339.071
AMERICAN FOOTBALL LEAGUE
Eastern Division
*New York Jets141040353269.714
Houston Oilers14662278279.500
Boston Patriots144100266316.286
Buffalo Bills144100230359.286
Miami Dolphins143101233332.231
Western Division
*Oakland Raiders141211371242.923
Kansas City Chiefs141130359177.786
San Diego Chargers14860268276.571
Denver Broncos14581297344.385
Cincinnati Bengals14491280367.308
National Football League and American Football League Standings 1969 [Ref: 1]
DateHome TeamAway Team
NFL Conference Championships
1969Dallas Cowboys14Cleveland Browns38
1969Minnesota Vikings23Los Angeles Rams20
NFL Championship
1969Minnesota Vikings27Cleveland Browns7
AFL Divisional Playoffs
1969New York Jets6Kansas City Chiefs13
1969Oakland Raiders56Houston Oilers7
AFL Championship
1969Oakland Raiders7Kansas City Chiefs17
Super Bowl IVTulane Stadium, New Orleans, La.
1969Kansas City Chiefs (AFL)23Minnesota Vikings (NFL)7
National Football League and American Football League Playoffs 1969 [Ref: 1]

Adrian Young, LB, who was born in Dublin, Ireland, played Linebacker for the Philadelphia Eagles in 1969. [2]

NFL 1970

PWLTPFPAPct
AMERICAN FOOTBALL CONFERENCE
AFC Eastern Division
*Baltimore Colts141121321234.846
*Miami Dolphins141040297228.714
New York Jets144100255286.286
Buffalo Bills143101204337.231
Boston Patriots142120149361.143
AFC Central Division
*Cincinnati Bengals14860312255.571
Cleveland Browns14770286265.500
Pittsburgh Steelers14590210272.357
Houston Oilers143101217352.231
AFC Western Division
*Oakland Raiders14842300293.667
Kansas City Chiefs14752272244.583
San Diego Chargers 14563282278.455
Denver Broncos14591253264.385
NATIONAL FOOTBALL CONFERENCE
NFC Eastern Division
*Dallas Cowboys141040299271.714
New York Giants14950301270.643
St. Louis Cardinals14851325228.615
Washington Redskins14680297314.429
Philadelphia Eagles143101241332.231
NFC Central Division
*Minnesota Vikings141220335143.857
*Detroit Lions141040347202.714
Green Bay Packers14680196293.429
Chicago Bears14680256261.429
NFC Western Division
*San Francisco 49ers141031352267.769
Los Angeles Rams14941325202.692
Atlanta Falcons14482206261.333
New Orleans Saints142111172347.154
National Football League Standings 1970 [Ref: 1]
DateHome TeamAway Team
AFC Divisional Playoffs
1970Baltimore Colts17Cincinnati Bengals0
1970Oakland Raiders21Miami Dolphins14
AFC Championship
1970Baltimore Colts27Oakland Raiders17
NFC Divisional Playoffs
1970Dallas Cowboys5Detroit Lions0
1970Minnesota Vikings14San Francisco 49ers17
NFC Championship
1970San Francisco 49ers10Dallas Cowboys17
Super Bowl VOrange Bowl, Miami, Florida
1970Baltimore Colts (AFC)16Dallas Cowboys (NFC)13
National Football League Playoffs 1970 [Ref: 1]

Adrian Young, LB, who was born in Dublin, Ireland, played Linebacker for the Philadelphia Eagles in 1970. [2]

NFL 1971

PWL`TPFPAPct
AMERICAN FOOTBALL CONFERENCE
AFC Eastern Division
*Miami Dolphins141031315174.769
*Baltimore Colts141040313140.714
New England Patriots14680238325.429
New York Jets14680212299.429
Buffalo Bills141130184394.071
AFC Central Division
*Cleveland Browns14950285273.643
Pittsburgh Steelers14680246292.429
Houston Oilers14491251330.308
Cleveland Browns144100284265.286
AFC Western Division
*Kansas City Chiefs141031302208.789
Oakland Raiders14842344278.667
San Diego Chargers14680311341.429
Denver Broncos14491203275.308
NATIONAL FOOTBALL CONFERENCE
NFC Eastern Division
*Dallas Cowboys141130406222.786
*Washington Redskins14941276190.692
Philadelphia Eagles14671221302.462
St. Louis Cardinals14491231279.308
New York Giants144100228362.286
NFC Central Division
*Minnesota Vikings141130245139.786
Detroit Lions14761341286.538
Chicago Bears14680185276.429
Green Bay Packers14482274298.333
NFC Western Division
*San Francisco 49ers14950300216.643
Los Angeles Rams14851313260.615
Atlanta Falcons14761274277.538
New Orleans Saints14482266347.333
National Football League Standings 1971 [Ref: 1]

Adrian Young, LB, who was born in Dublin, Ireland, played Linebacker for the Philadelphia Eagles in 1971. [2]

NFL 1972

PWLTPFPAPct
AMERICAN FOOTBALL CONFERENCE
AFC Eastern Division
*Miami Dolphins1414003851711.000
New York Jets14770367324.500
Baltimore Colts14590235252.357
Buffalo Bills14491257377.321
New England Patriots143110192446.214
AFC Central Division
*Pittsburgh Steelers141130343175.786
*Cleveland Browns141040268249.714
Cincinnati Bengals14860299229.571
Houston Oilers141130164380.071
AFC Western Division
*Oakland Raiders141031365248.750
Kansas City Chiefs14860287254.571
Denver Broncos14590325350.357
San Diego Chargers14491264344.321
NATIONAL FOOTBALL CONFERENCE
NFC Eastern Division
*Washington Redskins141130336218.786
*Dallas Cowboys141040319240.714
New York Giants14860331247.571
St. Louis Cardinals14491193303.321
Philadelphia Eagles142111145352.179
NFC Central Division
*Green Bay Packers141040304226.714
Detroit Lions14851339290.607
Minnesota Vikings14770301252.500
Chicago Bears14491225275.321
NFC Western Division
*San Francisco 49ers14851353249.607
Atlanta Falcons14770269274.500
Los Angeles Rams14671291286.464
New Orleans Saints142111215361.179
National Football League Standings 1972 [Ref: 1]
DateHome TeamAway Team
AFC Divisional Playoffs
1972Pittsburgh Steelers13Oakland Raiders7
1972Miami Dolphins20Cleveland Browns14
AFC Championship
1972Pittsburgh Steelers17Miami Dolphins21
NFC Divisional Playoffs
1972San Francisco 49ers28Dallas Cowboys30
1972Washington Redskins16Green Bay Packers3
NFC Championship
1972Washington Redskins26Dallas Cowboys3
Super Bowl VIIMemorial Colisseum, LA, Ca.
1972Miami Dolphins (AFC)14Washington Redskins7
National Football League Playoffs 1972 [Ref: 1]

Adrian Young, LB, who was born in Dublin, Ireland, played Linebacker for the Philadelphia Eagles and Detroit Lions in 1972. [2]

NFL 1973

PWLTPFPAPct
AMERICAN FOOTBALL CONFERENCE
AFC Eastern Division
*Miami Dolphins141220343150.857
Buffalo Bills14950259230.643
New England Patriots14590258300.357
New York Jets144100240306.286
Baltimore Colts144100226341.286
AFC Central Division
*Cincinnati Bengals141040286231.714
*Pittsburgh Steelers141040347210.714
Cleveland Browns14752234255.571
Houston Oilers141130199447.071
AFC Western Division
*Oakland Raiders14941292175.679
Kansas City Chiefs14752231192.571
Denver Broncos14752354296.571
San Diego Chargers142111188386.179
NATIONAL FOOTBALL CONFERENCE
NFC Eastern Division
*Dallas Cowboys141040382203.714
*Washington Redskins141040325198.714
Philadelphia Eagles14581310393.393
St. Louis Cardinals14491286365.321
New York Giants142111226362.179
NFC Central Division
*Minnesota Vikings141220296168.857
Detroit Lions14671271247.464
Green Bay Packers14572202259.429
Chicago Bears143110195334.214
NFC Western Division
*Los Angeles Rams141220388178.857
Atlanta Falcons14950318224.643
San Francisco 49ers14590262319.357
New Orleans Saints14590163312.357
National Football League Standings 1973 [Ref: 1]
DateHome TeamAway Team
AFC Divisional Playoffs
1973Oakland Raiders33Pittsburgh Steelers14
1973Miani Dolphins34Cincinnati Bengals16
AFC Championship
1973Miami Dolphins27Oakland Raiders10
NFC Divisional Playoffs
1973Minnesota Vikings27Washington Redskins20
1973Dallas Cowboys27Los Angeles Rams16
NFC Championship
1973Dallas Cowboys10Minnesota Vikings27
Super Bowl VIIIRice Stadium, Houston, Texas
1973Miami (AFC)24Minnesota Vikings (NFC)7
National Football League Playoffs 1973 [Ref: 1]

Adrian Young, LB, who was born in Dublin, Ireland, played Linebacker for the Chicago Bears in 1973. [2]

WFL 1974

 PWLTPFPAPct
Eastern Division       
*Florida Blazers201460419280.700
Charlotte Hornets2010100467350.500
*Philadelphia Bell209110493413.450
Jacksonville Sharks144100258358.286
Central Division       
*Memphis Southmen201730629365.850
*Birmingham Americans201550503394.750
Chicago Fire207130446622.350
Detroit Wheels141130209358.071
Western Division       
*Southern California Sun201370486622.350
*The Hawaiians209110413425.450
Portland Storm207121204426.375
Shreveport Steamer207121240415.375
World Football League Standings 1974 [Ref: 2]

First Round Playoffs   
Florida Blazers18Philadelphia Bell3
Honolulu Hawaiians32Southern California Sun14
Semi-Finals   
Florida Blazers18Memphis Southmen15
Birmingham Americans22Honolulu Hawaiians19
World Bowl 74   
Birmingham Americans22Florida Blazers21

References: [1]

Adrian Young, LB, who was born in Dublin, Ireland, played Linebacker for the Hawaiians in 1974. [2]

WFL 1975

 PWLTPFPAPct
Eastern Division       
Birmingham Vulcans12930257186.750
Memphis Southmen11740254206.636
Charlotte Hornets11650225199.545
Jacksonville Express11650227247.545
Philadelphia Bell11470195237.364
Western Division       
Southern California Sun12750354341.583
San Antonio Wings13760364268.538
Shreveport Steamer12570276313.417
The Hawaiians11470213269.364
Portland Thunder11470210281.364
Chicago Winds514067125.200
World Football League Standings 1975 [Ref: 2]

Adrian Young, LB, who was born in Dublin, Ireland, played Linebacker for the Hawaiians in 1975. [3]

Adrian Young (35) Philadelphia Eagles v NY Giants Preseason 1971 [Ref: 7]

References

Bibliography

[1] National Football League (2014) “Past Standings 1968-1973” 2014 NFL Record & Fact Book. pp. 393-395.

Websites

[2] Bob Braunwart, The Coffin Corner, Pro Football Researchers Association (1988) WFL by Team Records [Internet] Available from: http://profootballresearchers.com/archives/Website_Files/Coffin_Corner/10-03-337.pdf [Accessed 9 October 2018]

[3] Pro Football Archives (2019) Adrian Young [Internet] Available from: https://www.profootballarchives.com/playery/youn00400.html [Accessed 12 October 2019]

[4] O’Callaghan, Eoin (2020) “Hollywood, the NFL and OJ – the remarkable tale of the Dublin kid who lived the American dream” The 42 Sunday, February 2, 2020. [Internet] Available from: https://www.the42.ie/adrian-young-nfl-4987121-Feb2020/ [Accessed 5 February 2020]

[5] Pro Football Archives (12020)ADRIAN YOUNG [Internet] Available from:http://www.profootballarchives.com/playery/youn00400.html [Accessed 12 October 2019]

[6] Sports Reference (2020) 1964 College Football Standings [Internet] Available from: https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/years/1964-standings.html [Accessed 2 April 2020]

[7] Sports Reference (2020) 1965 College Football Standings [Internet] Available from: https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/years/1965-standings.html [Accessed 2 April 2020]

[8] Sports Reference (2020) 1966 College Football Standings [Internet] Available from: https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/years/1966-standings.html [Accessed 2 April 2020]

[9] Sports Reference (2020) 1967 College Football Standings [Internet] Available from: https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/years/1967-standings.html [Accessed 2 April 2020]

Images

[10] NASL Jersey (2016) Adrian Young, Philadelphia Eagles 1972 [Internet] Available from: https://www.nasljerseys.com/images/2016/Eagles%2072%20Home%20Adrian%20Young,%20Topps%202.jpg [Accessed 2 April 2020]

[11] NASL Jersey (2016) Adrian Young in action for the Philadelphia Eagles a versus the New York Giants Preseason 1971 [Internet] Available from: https://www.nasljerseys.com/images/2013Images/2013WFL/NFL/Eagles%2070%20Road%20Back%20Nate%20Ramsey%20(24),%20Adrian%20Young%20(35),%20Giants.jpg [Accessed 9 April 2020]

Acknowledgements

Thanks to Tim Leadingham

About this document

Researched, compiled and written by Enda Mulcahy for the

Eirball | Irish North American and World Sports Archive

Last Updated: 9 April 2020

(c) Copyright Enda Mulcahy and World Gridiron Archive 2020

You may quote this document in part provided that proper acknowledgement is given to the authors. All Rights Resereved.

American Football Leagues Era Timeline 1920-1959

All-America Football Conference Logo [Ref: 8]

National Football League Teams 1920-1959

NumberTeamsYears Active
Ohio League founding members of APFA
AAkron Pros1920-1922
BCanton Bulldogs1920-1926
CRock Island Independents1920-1925
DDayton Triangles1920-1929
American Pro Football Association 1920-1921
1Decatur Staleys1920
2Buffalo All-Americans1920-1923
3Chicago Cardinals1920-1959
4Rochester Jeffersons1920-1925
5Cleveland Tigers1920
6Chicago Tigers1920
7Muncie Flyers1920
8Chicago Staleys1921
9Cleveland indians1921
10Evansville Crimson Giants1921-1922
11Green Bay Packers1921-present
12Washington Senators1921
13Minneapolis Marines1921-1924
14Tonawanda Kardex1921
15Louisville Brecks1921-1923
16New York Giants1921; 1924-present
17Chicago Bears1922-present
National Football League 1922-1925
18Racine Legion1922-1924
19Milwaukee Badgers1922-1926
20Oorang Indians1922-1923
21Duluth Kelleys1923-1925
22Columbus Tigers1923-1926
23St. Louis All-Stars1923
24Cleveland Bulldogs1924-1925
25Frankford Yellowjackets1924-1931
26Buffalo Bisons1924-1925
27Kansas City Blues1924
28Kenosha Maroons1924
29Pottsville Maroons1925
30Detroit Panthers1925-1926
31Providence Steam Roller1925-1931
32Kansas City Cowboys1925-1926
NFL Consolidation Era 1926-1932
33Los Angeles Buccaneers1926
34Duluth Eskimoes1926-1927
35Buffalo Rangers1926
36Detroit Panthers1926
37Hartford Blues1926
38Brooklyn Lions1926
39Racine Tornadoes1926
40Louisville Colonels1926
41Detroit Wolverines1926
42Staten Island Stapletons1929-1932
43Orange Tornadoes1929
44Minneapolis Red Jackets1929-1930
45Brooklyn Dodgers1930-1944
46Portsmouth Spartans1930-1933
47Newark Tornadoes1930
48Boston Braves1932
NFL Championship Era 1933-1959
49Philadelphia Eagles1933-present
50Pittsburgh Pirates1933-1939
51Cincinnati Reds1933-1934
52Boston Redskins1933-1936
53Detroit Lions1934-present
54St. Louis Gunners1934
55Cleveland Rams1937-1944
56Washington Redskins1937-present
57Pittsburgh Steelers1940
58Phil-Pitt Steagles1943
59Boston Yanks1944-1948
60Brooklyn Tigers1944
61Card-Pitt1944
62Los Angeles Rams1946-1994; 2019-present
62New York Bulldogs1949
64The Yanks (Boston-Brooklyn)1951
National Football League teams 1920-1959 [Ref: 1]

American Football Leagues Timeline 1926-1959

NumberTeamsYears Active
American Football League I 1926
1Philadelphia Quakers1926
2New York Yankees1926
3Cleveland Panthers1926
4Los Angeles Wildcats1926
5Chicago Bulls1926
6Boston Bulldogs1926
7Brooklyn Horsemen1926
8Newark Bears1926
American Football League II 1934
9St. Louis Blues1934
10Kansas City Blues1934
11Louisville Bourbons1934
12Dallas Rams1934
13Charlotte Bantams1934
14Tulsa Oilers1934
15Memphis Tigers1934
American Football League III 1936-1937
16Boston Shamrocks1936-1937
17Pittsburgh Americans1936-1937
18Rochester Tigers1936-1937
19Brooklyn Tigers1936-1937
20Los Angeles Bulldogs1936-1937
21Cincinnati Bengals1936-1937
American Football League IV 1938-1939
22East Chicago Indians1938-1939
23Louisville Tanks1938-1939
24Nashville Rebels1938-1939
25Cincinnati Blades1938-1939
26Dayton Rosies1938-1939
27Columbus Bullies1938-1939
28Dayton Bombers1938-1939
29Kenosha Cardinals1938-1939
American Football League V 1940-1941
30Milwaukee Chiefs1940-1941
31Boston Bears1940-1941
32Buffalo Indians1940-1941
Pacific Coast Pro Football League 1940-1948
33Hollywood Bears1940-1942; 1948
34Oakland Giants1940
35Phoenix Panthers1940
36San Diego Bombers1940-1946
37San Francisco Bay Packers1941-1944
38Los Angeles Mustangs1942-1943
39Richmond Boilermakers1943
40Alameda Mustangs1943
41San Jose Mustangs1944-1945
42Hollywood Wolves1944
43San Francisco Clippers1945-1948
44Tacoma Indians1946
45Sacramento Nuggets1946-1947
46Salt Lake City Seagulls1946-1947
47Hawaiian Warriors1946-1948
48Long Beach Bulldogs1948
American Football League VI 1944
49Hollywood Rangers1944
50Seattle Bombers1944
51Portland Rockets1944
52San Diego Gunners1944
53Oakland Hornets1944
All-America Football Conference 1946-1949
54Miami Seahawks1946
55Cleveland Browns1946-present
56San Francisco 49’ers1946-present
57Los Angeles Dons1946-1949
58Chicago Rockets1946-1948
59Brooklyn-New York Yankees1949
60Buffalo Bills1947-1949
61Chicago Hornets1949
62Baltimore Colts1947-1951
National-American Football League 1950-1954
63New York Yanks1950-1951
64Dallas Texans1952
American Football League 1926-1959 [Ref: 1-7]

Irish Born NFL & AFL players 1920-1959

Bertie Maher, DE, who was born in Co. Mayo, played Defensive End for the Detroit Heralds in 1920. [2][3]

Bob Nash, DE/OT, who was born in Collinstown, Ireland, Played Defensive End & Offensive Tackle for the Akron Pros in 1920 , Buffalo All-Americans in 1921-1923, Rochester Jeffersons 1924 , New York Giants 1925 [2][7]

Tom McGlaughlin, FB, who was born in Ireland, played Fullback for the Tonawanda Kardex in 1921.[2][4]

Con O’Brien, OT, who was born in Ireland, Played Offensive Tackle for the New York Giants in 1921 [2][8]

Brian McGrath, OG, who was born in Ireland, played Offensive Guard for the Louisville Brecks in 1922. [2][5]

Francis Fitzgerald, BB-DB, who was born in Co. Kerry, played Defensive Back for the Toledo Maroons in 1923 [2][6]

Note:

[1] New York Yankees moved from AFL to NFL in 1927.

[2] Cleveland Rams moved from AFL to NFL in 1937.

[3] Cincinnati Bengals and a number of other teams were in numerous AFL’s.

[4] Cleveland Browns, San Francisco 49’ers and Baltimore Colts moved from AAFC to NFL in 1950.

[5] Buffalo Bills & Cincinnati Bengals not same teams as current NFL teams. NFL reused the names.

[6] National Football League known as National-American Football League from 1950-1952 following merger of National Football League and All-America Football Conference, with two Conferences (National & American) replacing Eastern & Western Division . Reverted to NFL name in 1953.

[7] Four teams – the Akron Pros, Canton Bulldogs, Rock Island Independents and Dayton Triangles were members of the Ohio League (1901-1919) and became founder members of the American Professional Football Association in 1920.

[8] The American Professional Football Association (1920-1921) changed its name to the National Football League in 1922.

[9] The National Football League operated as the only Pro Football League from 1922-1925, and in 1926 made the decision to consolidate its players on a smaller number of financially successful teams.

[10] The American Football League of 1926 was the first Major Rival to the NFL to use the AFL name.

[11] The first scheduled National Football League Championship Game took place in 1933.

References

Bibliography

[1] National Football League (2014) “Past Standings” 2014 Official NFL Record & Factbook” pg. 350-399. National football League, Time Home Entertainment. 2014.

Websites

[2] Pro Football Hall of Fame (2005) American Football League Standings (1936-37) [Internet] Available from: http://www.profootballhof.com/news/american-football-league-standings-1936-37/ [Accessed 5 June 2017]

[3] Bob Gill, The Coffin Corner, Pro Football Researchers Association (1989) Back Before Bengalmania – Cincinnati’s First Brush with the Big Time – [Internet] Available from: http://profootballresearchers.com/archives/Website_Files/Coffin_Corner/11-05-379.pdf [Accessed 9 October 2018]

[4] Pro Football Archives (2019) 1938 | American Football League [Internet] Available from: https://www.profootballarchives.com/1938.html [Accessed 12 October 2019]

[5] Pro Football Archives (2019) 1939 | American Football League [Internet] Available from: https://www.profootballarchives.com/1939.html [Accessed 12 October 2019]

[6] Pro Football Hall of Fame (2005) American Football League (1940-1941) [Internet] Available from: http://www.profootballhof.com/news/american-football-league-1940-1941/ [Accessed 5 June 2017]

[7] Pro Football Hall of Fame (2005) All-America Football Conference (AAFC) Standings (1946-1949) [Internet] Available from: http://www.profootballhof.com/news/all-america-football-conference-aafc-standings-1946-1949/ [Accessed 5 June 2017]

Images

[8] Wikipedia (2018) All-America Football Conference Logo [Internet] Available from: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/11/All-America_Football_Conference_%28logo%29.png [Accessed 8 October 2018]

Websites

[9] The Growth of a Game (2015) The Complete List of European NFL Players [Internet] Available from: https://www.growthofagame.com/2015/03/the-complete-list-of-european-nfl-players/ [Accessed 11 October 2019]

[10] Pro Football Archives (2019) Detroit Heralds 1920 [Internet] Available from: https://www.profootballarchives.com/1920apfadet.html [Accessed 11 October 2019]

[11] Pro Football Archives (2019) Tonawanda Kardex 1921 [Internet] Available from: https://www.profootballarchives.com/1921apfaton.html [Accessed 11 October 2019]

[12] Pro Football Archives (2019) Louisville Brecks 1922 [Internet] Available from: https://www.profootballarchives.com/1922nfllou.html [Accessed 11 October 2019]

[13] Pro Football Archives (2019) Toledo Maroons 1923 [Internet] Available from: https://www.profootballarchives.com/1923nfltol.html [Accessed 11 October 2019]

[14] Pro Football Archives (2019) Bob Nash [Internet] Available from: https://www.profootballarchives.com/playern/nash00200.html [Accessed 11 October 2019]

[15] Pro Football Archives (2019) New York Giants 1921 [Internet] Available from: https://www.profootballarchives.com/1921apfany.html [Accessed 11 October 2019]

[16] Pro Football Archives (2019) Bert Maher [Internet] Available from: https://www.profootballarchives.com/playerm/mahe00200.html [Accessed 11 October 2019]

[17] Pro Football Archives (2019) Brian McGrath [Internet] Available from: https://www.profootballarchives.com/playerm/mcgr00400.html [Accessed 11 October 2019]

Acknowledgements

Thanks to Decy Maher and John Kane.

About this document

Researched, compiled and written by Enda Mulcahy for the

Eirball | Irish, North American & World Sports Archive

Last Updated: 7 March 2020

(c) Copyright Enda Mulcahy and Eirball 2020

You may quote this document in part provided that proper acknowledgement is given to the authors. All Rights Reserved.Advertisements

National Football League Major League Teams Timeline 1920-present

National Football League Logo [Ref: 4]

NFL Major League Teams Timeline 1920-present

NumberTeamsYears Active
American Pro Football Association 1920-1921
1Chicago Cardinals1898-1959
2Chicago Bears1920-present [1]
3Green Bay Packers1921-present
4New York Giants1921; 1924-1973 [2]
National Football League Era 1922-1959
5Brooklyn Dodgers1930-1943
6Portsmouth Spartans1930-1933 [3]
7Boston Braves1932 [4]
8Boston Redskins1933-1936 [4]
9Cincinnati Reds1933
10Pittsburgh Pirates1933-1939 [5]
11Philadelphia Eagles1933-present
12St. Louis Gunners1933
13Detroit Lions1934-present [3]
14Green Bay Packers (Milwaukee)1935-1984 [6]
15Phildelphia Eagles (Johnstown, PA)1936 *
16Washington Redskins1937-present [4]
17Cleveland Rams1937-1944 [7]
18Philadelphia Eagles (Buffalo)1938 *
19Philadelphia Eagles (Erie, PA)1938 *
20Pittsburgh Steelers (Charleston, West Virginia)1938 *
21Cleveland Rams (Colorado Springs)1939 *
22Pittsburgh Steelers1940-present [5]
23Cleveland Rams (Akron)1942 *
24Phil-Pitt Steagles1943 [8]
25Boston Yanks1944-1948
26Brooklyn Tigers1944
27Card-Pitt1944 [9]
28Los Angeles Rams1946-1981 [10]
29New York Bulldogs1949
30Cleveland Browns AAFC1950-1995 [10]
31San Francisco 49’ers1950-2013 [10]
32Baltimore Colts1950-1951 [10]
American Football League Era 1950-1988
33New York Yanks1950-1951
34Dallas Texans1952
35Baltimore Colts1953-1981 [11]
36Dallas Texans1960-1962 [12]
37Denver Broncos1960-present
38Houston Oilers1960-1995 [13]
39Los Angeles Chargers1960 [14]
40New York Titans1960-1962 [16]
41Buffalo Bills1960-present
42Boston Patriots1960-1969 [17]
43Dallas Cowboys1960-present
44Oakland Raiders1960-1981 [18]
45St. Louis Cardinals1960-1987 [19]
46Minnesota Vikings1961-present
47San Diego Chargers1961-2018 [20]
48Kansas City Chiefs1963-present
49New York Jets1963-present
50Atlanta Falcons1966-present
51Miami Dolphins1967-present
52Boston Patriots (Birmingham)1968 *
53New Orleans Saints1968-present
54Cincinnati Bengals1969-present
55Miami Dolphins (Tampa)1969 *
56New England Patriots1971-present [17]
57New York Giants (New Haven, Conn.)1973-1975 [21]
58New York Giants (New Jersey)1976-present [21]
59Tampa Bay Buccaneers1976-present
60Seattle Seahawks1976-present
61Indianapolis Colts1982-present [22]
62Los Angeles Raiders1982-1994 [23]
63Los Angeles Rams (Anaheim)1982-1994 [24]
64New York Jets (New Jersey)1984-present [25]
National Football League Europe Era 1988-2005
65Phoenix Cardinals1988-1993 [26]
66Barcelona Dragons1991-1992; 1995-2003
67Birmingham Fire1991-1992
68Frankfurt Galaxy1991-1992; 1995-2007
69London Monarchs1991-1992; 1995-1997
70Montreal Machine1991-1992
71New York / New Jersey Knights1991-1992
72Orlando Thunder1991-1992
73Raleigh-Durham Skyhawks1991
74Sacramento Surge1991-1992
75San Antonio Riders1991-1992
76Ohio Glory1992
77Arizona Cardinals1994-present [26]
78Amsterdam Admirals1995-2005
79Rhein Fire1995-2007
80Scottish Claymores1995-
81Carolina Panthers1995-present
82Jacksonville Jaguars1995-present
83St. Louis Rams1995-2018 [27]
84Oakland Raiders1995-2019 [28]
85Baltimore Ravens1996-present
86Tennessee Oilers1997 [29]
87England Monarchs (Birmingham)1998
88England Monarchs (Bristol)1998
89England Monarchs (London)1998
90Tennessee Titans1998 [30]
91Berlin Thunder1999
92Cleveland Browns (AFC)1999-present [31]
93Houston Texans2002-present
94Cologne Centurions2004-2007
95New Orleans Saints (Baton Rouge)2005 [32]
96New Orleans Saints (San Antonio)2005 [32]
National Football League International Era 2005-
97Arizona Cardinals (Mexico City)2005 [33]
98Hamburg Sea Devils2006
99Jacksonville Jaguars (London)2007-present [34]
100Buffalo Bills (Toronto)2008-2013 [35]
101San Francisco 49’ers (Santa Clara)2014-present
102Los Angeles Chargers2019-present [20]
103Los Angeles Rams2019-present [36]
104Las Vegas Raiders2020-present [37]
National Football League Major Teams Timeline 1920-present [Ref: 1-7]

Notes:

[1] Originally founded as Decatur Staleys (1920). Became Chicago Staleys (1921) and Bears (1922)

[2] The NFL counts the New York Giants of 1921 and 1924 as separate teams.

[3] Portsmouth Spartans became Detroit Lions in 1934.

[4] Boston Braves became Boston Redskins 1933 and Washington Redskins 1937.

[5] Pittsburgh Pirates became Pittsburgh Steelers 1940.

[6] Green Bay Packers played around half their home games in Milwaukee from 1935-1984.

[7] Cleveland Rams became Los Angeles Rams 1945.

[8] Philadelphia and Pittsburgh played as joint team due to player shortage during WWII. Known as Phil-Pitt and knicknamed “Steagles” by fans.

[9] Chicago Cardinals and Pittsburgh played as a joint team in 1944 also due to a player shortage. Known as Card-Pitt.

[10] Cleveland Browns, San Francisco 49’ers and Baltimore Colts joined NFL from All-America Football Conference (1946-1949)

[11] NFL considers Baltimore Colts of 1951 & 1953 as separate teams.

[12] Dallas Texans became Kansas City Chiefs in 1963.

[13] Moved to Memphis and became Tennessee Oilers in 1996. name retired by NFL.

[14] Los Angeles Chargers moved to San Diego in 1961.

[15] Minneapolis were awarded a team for the AFL in 1960, but later resigned from the League and were awarded a team for the NFL to begin play in 1961.

[16] New York Titans changed name to New York Jets 1963.

[17] Boston Patriots moved outside Boston in Massachusetts in 1970 and changed name to New England Patriots.

[18] Oakland Raiders moved to Los Angeles (Anaheim) in 1982.

[19] Chicago Cardinals became St. Louis Cardinals in 1960.

[20] San Diego Chargers moved back to Los Angeles in 2019.

[21] New York Giants moved to New Haven, Connecticut in 1973, and East Rutherford, New Jersey in 1975.

[23] Baltimore Colts moved to Indianapolis in 1982.

[24] Los Angeles Rams moved to Anaheim in 1982.

[25] New York Jets moved into Giants Stadium, New Jersey in 1984.

[26] St. Louis Cardinals moved to Phoenix in 1988 and then moved to Tempe, Arizona and became Arizona Cardinals in 1994.

[27] Los Angeles Rams moved to St. Louis 1995.

[28] Los Angeles Raiders moved back to Oakland 1995.

[29] Houston Oilers moved to Memphis becoming the Tennessee Oilers in 1997.

[30] Tennessee Oilers moved to Nashville becoming Tennessee Titans in 1998.

[31] The Cleveland Browns moved to Baltimore in 1996, and were renamed the Ravens. The NFL placed a new team in Cleveland in 1999, and gave them the Cleveland Browns name and history.

[32] The New Orleans Saints played their Home matches in Baton Rouge (Louisiana) and San Antonio (Texas) in 2005 due to the Super Dome in New Orleans being unplayable as a result of Hurricane Katrina.

[33] The Arizona Cardinals were the designated Home Team for an NFL International Regular Season match in Mexico City in 2005.

[34] The Jacksonville Jaguars were the designated Home Team for NFL International Regular Season matches in London from 2007 to present. nicknamed the “Union Jags” by fans.

[35] The Buffalo Bills were the designated Home Team for NFL International Regular Season matches in Toronto from 2008 to 2013.

[36] St. Louis Rams moved back to Los Angeles in 2019.

[37] Oakland Raiders moved to Las Vegas in 2020.

*Single Home match played at the venue indicated.

References

Bibliography

[1] National Football League (2014) “Past Standings” 2014 Official NFL Record & Factbook” pg. 350-399. National football League, Time Home Entertainment. 2014.

Websites

[2] Pro Football Hall of Fame (2005) American Football League Standings (1936-37) [Internet] Available from: http://www.profootballhof.com/news/american-football-league-standings-1936-37/ [Accessed 5 June 2017]

[3] Bob Gill, The Coffin Corner, Pro Football Researchers Association (1989) Back Before Bengalmania – Cincinnati’s First Brush with the Big Time – [Internet] Available from: http://profootballresearchers.com/archives/Website_Files/Coffin_Corner/11-05-379.pdf [Accessed 9 October 2018]

[4] Pro Football Archives (2019) 1938 | American Football League [Internet] Available from: https://www.profootballarchives.com/1938.html [Accessed 12 October 2019]

[5] Pro Football Archives (2019) 1939 | American Football League [Internet] Available from: https://www.profootballarchives.com/1939.html [Accessed 12 October 2019]

[6] Pro Football Hall of Fame (2005) American Football League (1940-1941) [Internet] Available from: http://www.profootballhof.com/news/american-football-league-1940-1941/ [Accessed 5 June 2017]

[7] Pro Football Hall of Fame (2005) All-America Football Conference (AAFC) Standings (1946-1949) [Internet] Available from: http://www.profootballhof.com/news/all-america-football-conference-aafc-standings-1946-1949/ [Accessed 5 June 2017]

[2] World League of American Football (2018) WLAF History: 1998 [Internet] Available from: http://www.worldleagueofamericanfootball.com/id173.html [Accessed 23 April 2018]

[3] World League of American Football (2018) WLAF History: 1999 [Internet] Available from: http://www.worldleagueofamericanfootball.com/id174.html [Accessed 23 April 2018]

[4] World League of American Football (2018) WLAF History: 2000 [Internet] Available from: http://www.worldleagueofamericanfootball.com/id175.html [Accessed 23 April 2018]

[5] World League of American Football (2018) WLAF History: 2001 [Internet] Available from: http://www.worldleagueofamericanfootball.com/id176.html [Accessed 23 April 2018]

[6] World League of American Football (2018) WLAF History: 2002 [Internet] Available from: http://www.worldleagueofamericanfootball.com/id177.html [Accessed 23 April 2018]

[7] World League of American Football (2018) WLAF History: 2003 [Internet] Available from: http://www.worldleagueofamericanfootball.com/id178.html [Accessed 23 April 2018]

[8] World League of American Football (2018) WLAF History: 2004 [Internet] Available from: http://www.worldleagueofamericanfootball.com/id179.html [Accessed 23 April 2018]

[9] World League of American Football (2018) WLAF History: 2005 [Internet] Available from: http://www.worldleagueofamericanfootball.com/id180.html [Accessed 23 April 2018]

[10] World League of American Football (2018) WLAF History: 2006 [Internet] Available from: http://www.worldleagueofamericanfootball.com/id181.html [Accessed 23 April 2018]

[11] World League of American Football (2018) WLAF History: 2007 [Internet] Available from: http://www.worldleagueofamericanfootball.com/id182.html [Accessed 23 April 2018]

Images

[8] National Football League (2019) Division Standings | 2019 | Preseason [Internet] Available from: https://www.nfl.com/standings/division/2019/PRE [Accessed 12 August 2019]

Acknowledgements

Thanks to Decy Maher and John Kane.

About this document

Researched, compiled and written by Enda Mulcahy for the

Eirball | Irish, North American & World Sports Archive

Last Updated: 7 March 2020

(c) Copyright Enda Mulcahy and Eirball 2020

You may quote this document in part provided that proper acknowledgement is given to the authors. All Rights Reserved.Advertisements

National Football League Expansion 1920-present

All-America Football Conference Logo 1946-1949 [Ref: 8]

Expansion Timeline 1920-present

NumberYearTeam
11920Chicago Cardinals (St. Louis 1960-1988, Arizona Cardinals 1988-present
21920Chicago Bears (Decatur Staleys 1920, Chicago Staleys 1921)
31921Green Bay Packers
41925New York Giants
51930Detroit Lions (Portsmouth Spartans 1930-1933)
61932Washington Redskins (Boston Braves 1932-1936)
71933Pittsburgh Steelers (Pirates 1933-1939)
81933Philadelphia Eagles
91937LA Rams (Cleveland 1936-1945, LA Rams 1946-1994, St. Louis 1995-2018)
101950Cleveland Browns (AAFC team 1946-1949)
111950San Francisco 49’ers (AAFC team 1946-1949)
121953Indianapolis Colts (Baltimore 1953-1981)
131960Kansas City Chiefs (Dallas Texans 1960-1962)
141960Denver Broncos
151960Houston Oilers (retired by NFL 1994)
161960Los Angeles Chargers (San Diego 1961-2018)
171960New York Jets (NY Titans 1960-1962)
181960Buffalo Bills
191960New England Patriots (Boston 1960-1969)
201960Dallas Cowboys
211960Minnesota Vikings
221960Las Vegas Raiders (Oakland 1960-1981 / 1995-2019, LA 1982-1994)
231966Atlanta Falcons
241967Miami Dolphins
251968New Orleans Saints
261969Cincinnati Bengals
271976Tampa Bay Buccaneers
281977Seattle Seahawks
291995Carolina Panthers
301995Jacksonville Jaguars
311996Baltimore Ravens
321996Tennessee Titans (Houston Oilers moved here)
332002Houston Texans
National Football League Expansion 1920-present [Ref: 1]

Note: Cleveland Rams were in AFL 1936 before moving over to the NFL in 1937. Cleveland Browms & San Francisco 49’ers were in AAFC (All-America Football Conference 1946-1949) before moving over to NFL in 1950. Baltimore Colts were in AAFC (1947-1949), before moving over to NFL in 1950, but folded in 1951, and were replaced by Dallas Texans (1952), who also folded and the were also replaced by a new team called the Baltimore Colts. The NFL terms each of these teams (Baltimore Colts 1947-1951, Dallas Texans 1952 & Baltimore Colts 1953 onwards) as separate teams.

Note 2: The AFL (American Football League) of 1960-1969 was so successful it merged with the NFL in 1970, and played the Super Bowl between the two Leagues since 1966. All of the teams added in 1960 (bar Dallas Cowboys & Minnesota Vikings) were originally mermbers of the AFL.

Team Names the NFL reused form Other Leagues

LeagueYearsTeam
AFL1937-1941Cincinnati Bengals
AAFC1947-1949Baltimore Colts
AAFC1947-1949Buffalo Bills
National Football League team names reused from Other Leagues [Ref: 2-7]

References

Bibliography

[1] National Football League (2014) “Past Standings” 2014 Official NFL Record & Factbook” pg. 350-399. National football League, Time Home Entertainment. 2014.

Websites

[2] Pro Football Hall of Fame (2005) American Football League Standings (1936-37) [Internet] Available from: http://www.profootballhof.com/news/american-football-league-standings-1936-37/ [Accessed 5 June 2017]

[3] Bob Gill, The Coffin Corner, Pro Football Researchers Association (1989) Back Before Bengalmania – Cincinnati’s First Brush with the Big Time – [Internet] Available from: http://profootballresearchers.com/archives/Website_Files/Coffin_Corner/11-05-379.pdf [Accessed 9 October 2018]

[4] Pro Football Archives (2019) 1938 | American Football League [Internet] Available from: https://www.profootballarchives.com/1938.html [Accessed 12 October 2019]

[5] Pro Football Archives (2019) 1939 | American Football League [Internet] Available from: https://www.profootballarchives.com/1939.html [Accessed 12 October 2019]

[6] Pro Football Hall of Fame (2005) American Football League (1940-1941) [Internet] Available from: http://www.profootballhof.com/news/american-football-league-1940-1941/ [Accessed 5 June 2017]

[7] Pro Football Hall of Fame (2005) All-America Football Conference (AAFC) Standings (1946-1949) [Internet] Available from: http://www.profootballhof.com/news/all-america-football-conference-aafc-standings-1946-1949/ [Accessed 5 June 2017]

Images

[8] Wikipedia (2018) All-America Football Conference Logo [Internet] Available from: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/11/All-America_Football_Conference_%28logo%29.png [Accessed 8 October 2018]

Acknowledgements

Thanks to Decy Maher.

About this document

Researched, compiled and written by Enda Mulcahy for the

Eirball | Irish, North American & World Sports Archive

Last Updated: 6 March 2020

(c) Copyright Enda Mulcahy and Eirball 2020

You may quote this document in part provided that proper acknowledgement is given to the authors. All Rights Reserved.